Polygamy in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Polygamy in Egypt - Essay caseful, n. p.). This term is sometimes confusing as when the interpretation of bigamy term is done, you are not permitted to harbour deuce separate and different marriages at one time but in polygamy you can both besot married to two people at the same time and have two spouses living under(a) a single roof (What is Polygamy?, n. p.). The antagonists of gay freedom and rights say that when same sex marriages are legitimized, this would pass to making polygamy legal. It might do that, and may be it should do it. What is the issue with polygamy then(prenominal)? Why is it considered unlawful? The Mormons didnt get the legal right within the state to marry multiple people. The answer to this distrust is short and precise but not an approving one. Polygamy is considered unprotected and illegal by Constitution as Supreme solicit does not approve of it. Over a period of hundred years, in Reynolds V. U.S. the judicatory said that polygamy was offence not in favor of society. This Reynolds decision said that criminal certainty of any humankind accused of having a second wife in the faith that he has to brave out by religion to do that. It is a regulation he would defy at the danger of the damnation. The Court evaluated polygamy to killings sanctified b ones religious faith, as in the burning of wives on the funeral of their husbands or any human sacrifice (Kaminer, n. p.). In the Victorian America, the comparison between Men and women indulging in polygamy do little or no sense. Most people would either go for demise by burning rather than polygamous matrimonies. In todays world, the Court passes the same precedence in this regard. This analogy is however as outdated as adultery ban itself. After passing this judgment, what then is the difference between a polygamist and an adulterer? Even if it is not illegal for a wedded man to have interred marital affairs with girlfriends and have illegitimate children, then how should it be illegal to have another married wife under the laws of the church? What is the practice and moral disparity between a man who has many families without endorsement of the church and a man who has many families with the consent of the church? (Aziz, n. p.). late(a) data by NCSCR (National Centre for Sociological and Criminological Research) showed that in the first trey years of marriage, near twenty five pct of all Egyptian men marries again and about seventy percent of these 2nd marriages suffer from divorce then. Today, in Egypt polygamy is allowed for Muslim husbands only. But, polygamy has its roots in the antediluvian Egypt. In the quaint Egypt, people were allowed to marry two women at the same time. At one time, two or three nuptials ceremony would take place. There have been various debates as to eliminating the polygamy in Egypt. In the ancient Egypt, even though polygamy was legal for all citizens of the society the Kings or the affluent were able to practice it the or so (FENSKE, n. p.). In the ancient Egypt, polygamy was practiced to secure more area in the African continent. The pharaohs were great practitioners of polygamy and made it lawful to apply polygamy for all men of Egypt. Polygamy assisted to build up alliances and expand

The Great Purge in the Soviet Union Research Paper

The Great Purge in the Soviet Union - inquiry Paper ExampleThis essay discusses that the victims were of varied educational backgrounds as Arthur reveals in his work. Rubashov meets new(prenominal) inmates in lone(a) confinements and realizes that their drive and pattern of thoughts were little inspired by literacy. Their concerns were different, and some would not add value to the statuesque course that Rubashov believed. A fellow inmate desires to know about his sexual encounters, and that does not ogre easy with Rubashov. The suffering and abuse underwent by these individuals are supposed to be more fruitful and shape the futurity of the other generations. Stalins regime featured more trials and was unique in the way they were conducted as they targeted leadership of the Communist Party who had serious allegations leveled against them. They were accused of responsibility for working with the fascist and liaising with capitalistic power in an attempt to have Stalin killed s o that they would take power. They would be tried for other accusations regarding the desire to assassinate other Soviet leaders and possibly assume their positions. In 1938 marked the end of the great purge though there are records of committed atrocities between this period and 1953. Arrests and execution would continue until 1953. Arthurs work would forge many as it shared some insights on the terror posed by the rivals of Stalin. The trials would have many executed and suffer in the hands of this regime. The death of intellectuals would leave the world void of the utterly compulsory services.

Article Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Article reexamination - Research Paper ExampleThe article highlights that the millennial group has been slowly surpassing the baby boomers and it shortly defines the largest age group. Prior to the emergence of the millennial, many businesses focused on understanding the miens of baby boomers in an thrust to launch products that suited their needs. The Millennials group seems to put one over entirely different spending patterns and consumer behaviors. This compels businesses to develop new strategies that accord the new consumer model. Notably, the millennial puzzle grown up to face challenging economic times that have contributed to their consumer behaviors. They are not focused on making big purchases such as houses and cars. Most of them however live with their parents, and they have not adopted a life of independence. Businesses are struggling to understand the whimsey of this group who have a high level of education, but with new consumer behavioral patterns. Although th e group is soon facing financial challenges resulting from the economic recession, future projections indicate that they are likely to control the economy in the future (Searcey). This is one reason why marketers are interested in understanding their consumer behavior.The article is germane(predicate) to modern marketers who seek to understand the consumer behavior in an effort to determine the type of products launched into the market. There has been an unembellished confusion experienced by many companies who wish to target the Millennials, but do not have a clear understanding of their consumer behavior. This article presents critical information to marketers in the modern day and in the future. The article succeeds in highlighting the salient need for further research in understanding the consumer behavior of the Millennials group. It serves to place emphasis on the need for companies to understand how the Millennials group

Quantitative Methods Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quantitative Methods Portfolio - Assignment ExampleQuantitative explore studies involve collection of information from a given sample. The data is usually numeric or unrivaled that can be coded (Myers, Well, & Lorch, 2010). Quantitative research approach commits either primary or secondary data. firsthand data is obtained from participants through interviews, mindnaires, and observations whereas the secondary data is obtained from secondary sources such as journal articles, websites, and books (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 2013). This research testament employ questionnaires to collect primary data for the purposes of achieving its main adopt. There are unlike statistical applications or techniques for analyzing numerical data. SPSS is one of the statistical applications used in conducting data analysis. SPSS is a software pack senesce that analyzes different numerical data (Miller & Acton, 2009). SPSS is useful in predicting with confidence what is likely to happen based on the num erical information collected (Mitchell & Jolley, 2012). This research study will employ SPSS to analyze the numerical data with an aim of understanding and predicting the perceptions and behaviors of tourists. In doing SPSS, there is need to code the primary data especially in cases where the data provided options that are qualitative (Myers, Well, & Lorch, 2010). ... Frequency also refers to the number of times a given question is answered (Creswell, 2013). In this research study, the SPSS software will be used in obtaining the number of responses to a given question. For instance, if a question asks for a yes or no answers, the frequency will identify how many respondents agree with the question as opposed to the number of respondents that disagree with the question (Myers, Well, & Lorch, 2010). Frequency in this study will be used to understand the perceptions of tourists. The other concept is cross tabulation. Cross tabulation is a statistical functioning that aims at providing a summary of a given set of data or results hence, developing a contingency table (Miller & Acton, 2009). This study will use cross-tabulation to summarize the frequencies and develop a table for give away illustration. Lastly, this study will employ t-test. A t-test is a statistical technique for testing whether the means of ii samples are significantly different based on the assumption that the sample statistics follow a schoolchilds-t distribution when the hypothesis is tested (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 2013). In this respect, t-test is used to identify whether samples are different. This study will use the t-test to compare the means of various pairs of the data such as gender versus the income, gender versus the origin, and gender versus age amongst others. List of References Creswell, J. W., 2013, Research design Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications, Incorporated. Miller, R., & Acton, C., 2009, SPSS for social scientists. Palgrave Macmilla n. Mitchell, M. L., & Jolley, J. M., 2012, Research design explained. CengageBrain. com Myers, J. L., Well, A. D., & Lorch, R. F., 2010, Research

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social Media - Essay Example unceasingly on the front edge of emerging trends and fads as an integral element of standard business practices, those knobbed in public relations necessitate been eager to use social media as a regnant new tool in their arsenal. However, the problem with using social media in this way is intrinsically colligate to the reason it has such transformative power to begin with. Social media has the power to transcend all borders, infiltrate all(prenominal) language system and instantly connect with a valet that is ready and waiting to connect cover version - that is its strength. Yet this ability to connect to such a strong degree also has the ability to redeem err unrivalledous messages instantly, fails to take into consideration the possibility that what is acceptable in one place may be diametrically opposed to values held in another place and the people receiving these messages are just as capable of telling the world how much they like a product a s they are of unveil its failures. One moulding that may be effective when using social media is the two-part symmetrical model of public relations suggested by J.E. Grunig. By more specifically defining what is meant by social media and examining what Grunigs two-way symmetrical model is, it is possible to understand the various ways social media may help to deposit this model effective as tumesce as how it may hinder the process. Social media has expanded well beyond the simple concept of email lists and newsletters. By the time children reach college age, they have likely already become familiar with the idea of scanning codes for everything from buying groceries to checking in to a store for discounts. They are undecomposed in using the high-tech features and apps of smart-phones and have played at least one interactive, real-time online tv set game with friends living hundreds or even thousands of miles away that they may or may not have ever met in person. These friends hips are forged through numerous social media outlets such as texting, chatting, tweeting or something invented tomorrow. In the modern world, email has now become common for personal, educational and business use twitter and Foursquare have become the new favorite means of keeping up with friends news of the world is delivered via YouTube video, streaming video or status updates sent directly to an iPhone or similar device and texting gives one the convenience of online chatting without the necessity of being chained to a desk. Nowadays, we think nothing of emailing our aunts in Germany and getting an swear out back within mins, or seeing the latest streaming video full of up to the minute news (Boswell, 2006). Information is able to travel literally at the speed of sound - traveling some the world in as little as a few minutes. For those who have grown up within this emerging technology, not only is it expected that instant answers to any possible question that efficiency ari se will be found, but that the answer should prove both entertaining and engaging succession it informs. Through networking sites such as Facebook and Tumblr, this information can be requested directly from friends, former customers, and

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Leadership - Research Paper ExampleTherefore, in order for the businesses to remain competitive, they indigence effective leadership (Giuliani, & Kurson, 2002). This paper will on that pointfore, analyze reasons why leadership is a fundamental bump out of the organization carriage.Effective leadership is truly instrumental because the organizations take the personality of their leaders. Currently, the market has become very dynamic. As a result, in order for the organization to remain competitive, it must have a exacting behavior. The subordinates should be market oriented. In addition, they should work together as a unit towards a car park objective. This cannot be achieved if there is no effective leadership (Giuliani, & Kurson, 2002). For instance, if there are wrangles between the top-level managers the problems are in all likelihood to trickle down to the rest of the subordinates. Therefore, strong leadership is significant in fostering positive behavior between the empl oyees. Once this is achieved, the organization is able to deal with varying challenges, an aspect that plays a significant aim in ensuring that the organization remains united towards a common objective.Effective leadership is instrumental in enhancing communication which in-turn leads to positive organization behavior. Teamwork has become an consequential concept towards the success of any organization. However, teamwork cannot be achieved if there is no effective communication. Effective leadership ensures that issues that are raised by the employees are dealt with before they get out of hand. This is through ensuring that they implement an open office policy which enables the employees to report any grievances to the top-level managers without the use of intermediaries. This plays an important role in motivating the employees, thereby creating a serene working environment.The behavior of the organization depends on the personnel on the helm. If the leaders are involved in the d aily operations of the

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Organizational Change - Essay Example ill fortune to anchor the changes on corporate culture makes the change process to fail. Organizational culture is very tiny to the success of the change process. As a result, when the management fails to incorporate the organization values and believes, they end up failing to implement changes.One of the major success pillars of change is the understanding and spelling out of the push of the change process on the people (Burke, 2010). This enables the management to engage all the affected personnel.Effective leaders during the change process provides a base for the change process (Burke, 2010). This is because they are able to communicate effectively to the subordinates and act as role model to them.One of the companies that failed to implement change is Avon. The company failed because some leaders were not in support of the process. In addition, the employees were not involved in the change process. Lastly, there were no clear guidelines to implement the change

Copyright Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Copyright Law - demonstrate ExampleThis clearly has implications for online tax shelter of copyright with the proliferation of the Internet and multifarious online uses involving copyrighted works.For example, if data is stored on a US computer is downloaded in the UK, UK law will apply and not US law downstairs the Convention5, which creates issues of enforceability and policing in an internationally networked environment offering broader scope for anonymity. Furthermore, the protection of copyright online has become increasingly bellicose due to the ease of copying materials in machine readable form and distribution on the Internet6. This is intensify by the low cost of copying and transmitting files on the Internet and the difficulty of policing a borderless jurisdiction further exacerbates the issue as to where liability should lie7.Section 17 of the CDPA addresses copyright infringement and provides that copyright protection prohibits copying the work, issuing copies of the work to the public, renting or lending the work to the public, perform the work, broadcast the work, adjust or amend the work. Additionally, these acts will constitute copyright infringement if in that respect is copying of the substantial component part of the copyright works8. Remedies for copyright are commonly damages (often for lost royalty payments), injunctions, accounts for profits or orders for spoken language up9.The fair use doctrine is the most common copyright exception under fragment 29(1) of the CDPA10. Alternatively, section 31 of the CDPA provides a defence of incidental inclusion of copyrighted materials such as when filming or recording live events which is particularly relevant to inclusion in artistic work, sound recordings, film or broadcasts.The sheer vast range of availability of information online has further rendered it difficult to enforce the principle that there is no implied licence to copy11. Theoretically, downloading someones web page is clearly copyright infringement and the

Pettiness,jealousy,and selfishness abound in our daily interactions Essay

Pettiness,jealousy,and selfishness abound in our daily interactions with each other(a)(a) - Essay ExampleAmong these vices, pettiness tends to thrive among great deal who have the akin level of education. It is common to see people getting angry at small things like how the other looked at them or how others walk or talk. More so, it is common to see people creating enemies out of this pettiness. sort of of seeking to understand one another and the simple things that characterize us, some people will enforce these petty things to create enmity among one another. Thus, it is common to see neighbors who b arely talk to each other despite being close neighbors. It is common to see people despising one another in a public bus despite having met and might probably neer meet. With such attitudes, people swallow up that humans dont live twice and fail to seize happiness whenever possible by being free with one another, understanding one another and loving their neighbors.Jealousy, u nlike pettiness is seen among people that know each other and who are not ready to celebrate the achievements of others. Jealousy exists among family members, among friends and among those that you buttocks never think could be jealous. It starts with admiration and then it goes beyond this. Sometimes, it can lead to destruction as others can do anything just to bring down their friends or those whom their jealousy is directed to. Jealousy is felt because of so many reasons such as because of someones beauty, wealth or even positions. People who are jealous might try to strive others from these things until they succeed In the end, it becomes like a disease that is embarrassing to cure.Apart from these two is selfishness, which I have come to realize that is in many people. It is hard to break people who are not selfish. People with this problem are never willing to help others and the worse thing is that they want to be helped. They never want to share whether they have a lot o r whether they dont. Instead of sharing, which is one thing that keeps the society

Slavery as a Cause of the Civil War Research Paper

Slavery as a Cause of the civil contend - Research Paper ExampleFin all toldy, the expansion westward was a truly strong compute as poor whites migrated from the South to where they could get free land and slavery became a hot break through in the new territories. Even the personal political ambitions of the major figures of the time played a art object in creating the atmosphere which finally resulted in the contend Between the States. Centering such debates around states rights rest provocative, especially among neo-Confederates. But, according to Dew, The secessionists of 1860-61 certainly talked much more openly about slavery than present-day neo-Confederates be willing to do (p. 10). (Decredico) So, although slavery was at the root of the war, it was not the root cause. It simply figured into nearly of the other causes.There is a great deal of disagreement upon the root causes of this war, but it boils down to wholeness simple point, according to Basler , The ultimate cause of the Civil War was simply human disagreement, which could not be, or rather was not, resolved by non violent means. Its roots went at least as deep as the American Revolution, and could be traced even deeper into human history if the effort promised to give any better taking into custody for the present purpose, which it does not. Mans fundamental disagreement has always been about who shall have what and who shall rule whom, and how and why. (Basler 3) In fact, it is this factor upon which all governments are built and why they are maintained.The War for Constitutional Liberty, the War for Nationality, the War for gray Nationality, the War for Southern Independence, the Second American Revolution, the War for States Rights, Mr. Lincolns War, the War Against Slavery, the War for Abolition, the Southern Rebellion, the War of the Rebellion, the War for Southern Rights, the War of the Southern Planters, the Civil War, Americas Civil War, the War Between the States, the Civil War Between the States, the War Against

Poets of the 18th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poets of the 18th century - turn out ExampleLikewise, Gullivers adventures in Laputa illustrate Swifts negative opinion of the general value of science produced by the over-embellished Society as the scientists and doctors of the floating city continuously spend their time involved in unimportant pursuits that bring benefit to no one. Finally, in his fourth voyage, Gullivers encounter with the Houyhnhnms creates a strong commentary on the true picture of human nature in which the conception of war has not even been considered, much(prenominal) less worked out to the fine science Gulliver describes to his astonished hosts. Ironically Gullivers Travels, a book thought by approximately people as a charming book of adventure popular with children, is one of the most powerful attacks ever made against mans wickedness and stupidity. Swifts book is full of personal, literary and political allusions (Taralunga, 2003 135).William Blakes poems typically center on aspects of the human spi rit as it comes in contact with authority figures, whether they be government or religious, as well as the joyful celebration of his idea of Christianity and humanity. As a result, his poems provided many with transport and hope in times that seemed overly chaotic as revolutions of various types were occurring on virtually any front and power structures were struggling to hold onto whatever controls they could. In London for example, a poem describing the right smart in which the human spirit had been shackled in 1794 when the poem had been written, Blake expresses an abiding belief in the nonchristian nature of the restrictions on freedoms being experienced by the British people. The French Revolution had just occurred and cerebration in Britain had reached an all-time low as expressed in lines such as How the chimney-sweepers cry (9) and the low-down Soldiers sigh / Runs in blood down Palace walls (11-12) in which it can be seen that even time-honoured occupations such as chimney sweeps and soldiers had fallen into disrespect and despair. The red walls of the street depicted in the poems example provide a subtle imagery of the British soldiers and, by extension, the rest of the British populations plight. Although he is describing physiologic situations, A mark in every face I meet / Marks of weakness, marks of excruciation (3-4), he makes it clear that he is also discussing the state of the souls of people he meets, In every vocalize in every ban / The mind-forgd manacles I hear (7-8). 7. Write about one of the poets specifically and the subjects / themes he is best known for Blakes dual nature of man Burnss view of human position or vastness Wordsworths child / man connection Coleridges flights of imagination Shelleys willingness to bare his soul or his

Marketing Plan Harley-Davidson Dyna Street Bob Research Paper

Marketing Plan Harley-Davidson Dyna passageway Bob - Research Paper ExampleIt is acknowledged by reader that knowledge to be provide in this marketing plan is in all respects confidential in nature, other than information which is in the public domain through other means and that any disclosure or usage of same by reader may cause serious harm or damage to ______________. Upon request, this archive is to be immediately returned to ________. ___________________ Signature ___________________ Name (typed or printed) ___________________ Date This is a marketing plan. It does not evince an offering of securities. ... Over the long time, the firm has met numerous challenges as well as successes. Currently, Harley-Davidson has a number of cycles knowing and targeted at different demographic groups. Among these is the Dyna Street Bob which is a sporting motorbike targeted at the younger generations. This product is intended to bring mod marketing orientation in the market. This is because although it is targeted at the young passel in general, it is also targeted at women as a new market. More women are becoming more than interested in motor-biking and this is a new market which Harley-Davidson should use for to expand its market share of the motorbike market. As Taylor (para 1) says, Harley-Davidson has been accused of not targeting new markets and this will be an opportunity to look at the new market. 2.0 Situational Analysis In 1907 William Harley and Arthur Davidson incorporated the Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Company. AMF acquired the company in 1969 and nearly tripled production in the hobby 4 years. Increased production led to poorly performing products, which led to Honda gaining market segment and in the end a buyout of AMF in 1981 by Vaughn Beals and a group of other HD managers. Over the next 20 years HD incorporated lean operating principles, acquired rival companies effectively circularizeing new niche markets and survived an instance of a pr imary lender refusing to advance further cash. In 1997 a former Honda manager, Berryman, revamped HDs supply range of a function management system to further reduce waste. Subsequently a focus was placed on products that would open up more niche markets and help move HD away from their typical target demographic. Today HD realizes increase profits and revenues from these changes, but also faces

Economic Theory - Cost of Production Case study

Economic Theory - Cost of Production - caseful Study ExampleOn one side, where the defecateion of the full treatment would give employment to over 12000 peck of the area and would expand the Indian railroad car market by 65%( machinist.in.2008), the construction of the plant would endpoint in a lot of resistance from the local farmers as they would lose their farmlands. Tata Motors would be left with however two options, either to continue with the construction of the plant against all the opposition or close go through the project losing $340 million investment which has already been made in the project ( .Tata Motors developed a car Nano which is considered to be the cheapest car in the world. In order to mass produce the car, Tata chose the regulate of Singur to construct its plant but the decision invited a lot of opposition from the local farmers and political parties of Singur as they claimed that Tata Motors, with the help of organisation was taking their lands forci bly. The company is faced by the following external forces which are hindering its decision to construct the plantSocial forces The local farmers are the one biggest force which is a hindrance in the evolution of the plant. The society is against the development of the plant, in spite of the fact that it would provide employment opportunities, because they are not inwardness as they believe that their lands yield been forcibly taken by the company to build the plant. Although Tata Motors pose claimed that they have provided them with sufficient amount of compensation for the lands but the farmers are not convinced. The opposition is so intense that the farmers have damaged the factory building and have intimidated the employees of the plant in order to prevent them from workings (Business Standard .2010).Political forces The other threat which has put fuel to the fire is the political agency of the district which has joined hands with the local

The difference between liberalism and socialism Essay

The difference between liberalism and socialism - judge ExampleNevertheless, wealth is grappled in accordance with the individuals contribution in the first appearance of that wealth (Wallerstein 73). This implies that those who involved a lot in the creation of the wealth get more share than those who does not contribute much in the creation of wealth. Socialist ideology excessively discourages the formation of classes or groups since it does not support competition among individuals (Wallerstein 74). To socialists, everybody in the society is considered equal, meaning that no one is considered superior to others. It is also noted that, in a socialist government, all resources are collectively owned by the tidy sum who also determine how the resources are to be utilized for the development of the society. Socialists also believe in comparison and, therefore, discourage accumulation of capital in the hands of a few according to Wallerstein (73). China is a good example of a soc ialist state, which has also practiced the liberal system of government. Germany and the U.K. are other classical example of a country that have practiced both socialism and liberalism (Wallerstein 76).Liberalism is a governmental ideology which believes in the freedom of battalion in the society (Wallerstein 74). This implies that it is opposed to any restrictions on people in the society. According to liberalists, the state has the power to control all industries with the aim of eliminating malpractices. However, un equivalent in a socialist system that discourages privy ownership of property, liberalists encourage private ownership of property (Wallerstein 75). The liberalist economic system, like a socialist system, is also structured in a manner the ensures fair distribution of theme resources to every individual in the society as noted by Wallerstein (75). However, in a liberalist system, the activities of private welfare is regulated by the government or laws aimed at bar ring them from exploiting their

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 91

epitome - Essay ExampleOne does not have to complicate issues but rather perceive things as they are and slowly move to understanding the reason why they are as they are. The writer insists on keeping ones eyes and mind open to diverse modes of reasoning. He explains that even in the darkness or blurriness of fog there seems to be specks of light. He states that in darkness theres a great deal of light, the same lies for where theres too much light. As he concludes, the writer describes the secret path to illumination.The writer talks about the ethics of journalism. This regards the type of imagery and language they use in describing events or people. He gave an example of black suspect whom the newspaper presumed sheepish and as a result printed a photo that gave him a more sinister look that aimed at showing blacks are criminals. Ethics lay all round, including writing the truth in the newspapers and no get along of captioning can make a visual lie to be true. Disregarding the misrepresented information a lie still remains a lie. In conclusion, it is rather a question of ethical office than just putting the message

Nursing Philosophy Essay Example for Free

care for school of thought EssayIntroduction school of thought originates with the Greek word philosophia, which translates as the love of wisdom. Philosophers be engaged in doubt concerning the search for truth, the spirit of universe and the meaning of human race let. Welch Polifroni(1999). The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the philosophical tropes of Realism, Anti nativeism, Phenomenology , Postmodernism. To relate the sensationalism, Positivism, Historicism, and Relativism to the nature of scientific truth. Moreover, to discuss the moment of truth for nursing as a profession and as a comprehension. The various paradigms are characterized by ontological, epistemological and methodological differences in their approaches to conceptualizing and conducting research, and in their contribution towards disciplinary cognition construction. Weaver, and Olson. (2006). Table 1 expand theses differences between these philosophical paradigms. Realism and Anti naive realism Realism has an ontology which states that the structures creating the world cannot be straight offly observed.Its epistemology is that appearances do not necessarily reveal the mechanisms which cause these appearances, and its methodology indeedinvolves the construction of theories which can account for these appearances. Wainwright,S. ( 1997). Realism, in the Aristotelian, holds that things and individuals devote creation independent of human thought and that this extra-mental world is intelligible and forms a basis for evaluating propositions somewhat the world.Whelton,B. (2002) 2 ism course First naming Positivism collapses the world into a single plane of events. In contrast, realism recovers the ontological depth between the three stratified domains and thereby establishes relations of essential necessity sort of than the relations of logical necessity(universality). Wainwright,S. ( 1997). relevancy of Realism to breast feeding Realism proposes a common ontology and epistemology for the natural and social scholarships.Realism enables the traditional natural and social science division in subjects like geography, psychology, medicate and nursing to be bridged. Realism can therefore provide ontological and epistemological basis for nursing. Wainwrigh( 1997). On the former(a) hand, the interest her in the causal and epistemological ingredients of scientific realism because they support the claim that explanations are important in nursing scienceand practice and that the aim of scientist is to discover bankrupt and better explanations. Gortner, and Schumacher,(1992).Relevance of Antirealism to breast feeding It the positivist antirealism that make their views inappropriate for nursing science. It is not possible in positivism to process with inwrought aspects of person, nor with perceived relational processes, nor with explanations without translating them into physiological states or behaviors. virtuoso of the most serious conseq uences of an antilrealist construction of theories is that theories cannot explain.One of the major distinctionbetween scientific realism and antirealism is the way in which theoretical entities are understood. In the language of scientific realism the term theoretical entities usually means unobservable entities, states, or processes. The antirealists turn down the existence of 3 Philosophy course First Assignment unobservable entities or process. Antirealist assert that the flightiness of truth or falsity is relevant to observation even though it is not relevant to theory. Gortner, and Schumacher,(1992).Phenomenology For Edmund Husserl, phenomenology is the contemplative study of the essence ofconsciousness as dated from the first-person point of view Phenomenology, founded by Edmund Husserl, promotes the idea that the natural world is largely shaped by the human mind. Wikipedia, (2007). Phenomenology is philosophical movement whose primary objective is the direct investigation and description of phenomena as consciously experienced. It remains different from and in opposition to positivism because it is a theoretical, non causal, and attempts to be sinless of supposition. Welch(1999) P243).Postmodernism The essence of truth lies at bottom the individual and the individual may change orlater alter that view dependent on the context and the circumstances. Thus, the postmodern worldview is that truth neither whimsical nor multiple it is personal and highly individualized and contextually driven. Welch Polifoni (1999)p-58) The Significance of Truth for Nursing as a Profession and as a Science. Science, philosophy and philosophy of science are all topics of great moment to nursingthe get hold of to examine issues of what it means to know, what truth is, how we know and what can be learned from science and philosophy is central to growth in the 4 Philosophy course First Assignmentdiscipline.Simultaneously, it is exigent that nurse scholars gain actualis eing of the divers scientific and philosophic traditions that have influenced the development of nursing knowledge in effect to develop and enhance our science, our discipline and our profession. . Welch and Polifroni (1999(p-1)) Philosophy of science in nursing seeks to understand truth, to examine prediction, causality and law, to critically relate theories, models and scientific systems. Theses goals are accomplished through the methods of philosophic inquiry of reflection and dialogue. Welch Polifroni(1999(p-5)).In fiat to understand what truth is, Welch Polifroni(1999) discussed the roots of truth ( Intuition, Authority, Tradition, Common Sense and Science)as well as the theories of truth such as correspondence theory coherence theory pragmatic theory semantic and performative theory. These theories gave different interpretations for truth, for instance, correspondence theory suggests that truth is related to and correspond with reality, the truth is achieved through percep tions of the world, on the other hand for coherence theory, the truth is true if it is coherent while for the pragmatic theory thetruth is sexual intercourse and related to the practicality and workableness of a solution.According to Newman, Sime and Corcoran-Perry(1991) Nursing is the study of caring in the human health experiencenursing body of knowledge includes caring and human health experience. A body of knowledge that does not include caring and human health experience is not nursing knowledge. . Truth can be achieved through knowing principles and causes of the natural kind dirty dog phenomena. It is proposed that humans are the natural kind behind nursing phenomena.Thus, human nature provides proper principles (the truth) of nursing 5Philosophy course First Assignment practice. It is proposed that it is knowledge of human nature that provides principles of human action, and thus human nature is a source of practical truth in nursing. Whelton . (2002). The realist ontolog ical position assumes that an objective world exists independently of our knowledge, beliefs , theories or descriptions most it.This reality exists whether or not we can experience it or have conceptions of its nature. In contrast, several nonrealist positions have also been advanced, incorporating a wide variety of philosophical views pertaining to truth. These positions reject ontological and/orepistemological realism, and therefore truth cannot be related to an external reality . Lomborg and Kirkevold (2003).However, Gortner and Schumacher (1992 )stated that Nursing scholars can explore scientific realism for the insights it may provide for nursing science . Moreover, Gortner and Schumacher (1992) proposed that Scientific realism is relevant to nursing science in the following ways (1) It supports the full range of nursing theory (2) It affirms the importance of including subjective client states in nursing theory and refutes the claim of the positivists that if it is not obse rvable, it doesnot exist. (3) It adds the idea of the substantive content of explanations to discussion about forms of explanation(4) It includes the notion of truth as a regulative ideal in science and claims that better theories are theories that are closer to the truth. 6 Philosophy course First Assignment cerebrate the Empiricism, Positivism, Historicism, and Relativism to the nature of scientific truth Positivism Positivist approaches are founded on an ontology that the things we experience are things that exist.Its epistemology requires that this experience is verified through thedeductive methodology of the scientific method Wainwright,S. ( 1997). The positivistic philosophy of science forget for example argue that scientific knowledge is objective and should be verified accordingly. Nyatanga(2005). The Relevance of Positivism to Nursing It the positivist antirealism that make their views inappropriate for nursing science. It is not possible in positivism to deal with subj ective aspects of person, nor with perceived relational processes, nor with explanations without translating them into physiological states or behaviors.One of the most serious consequences of an antilrealistconstruction of theories is that theories cannot explain. Gortner, and Schumacher, (1992). EMPIRICISM Empiricism in its classical sense was a philosophical doctrine that considered observation to be the foundation of knowledge. Gortner and Schumacher(1992). coetaneous sensualism is a paradigm that has the ability to facilitate the application of the scientific facts learned from verifiable methods within the appropriate context by taking interpretative knowledge into accountIt thus seems apparent that a broader view of scientific knowledge is required, and this is where contemporary views of 7Philosophy course First Assignment empiricism are more applicable to the practice of nursing. However, before reviewing the basic tenets of contemporary empiricism, there is a need to pro vide an overview of interpretive methods and their ability to provide a context or structure for the use of empirical knowledge.Pluralism supports the assumption of contemporary empiricism that human responses can be identified, measured and understood even considering their analyzable nature. Therefore, an important part of nursing knowledge acquisition includes a synthesis of the data in order to better understand thesynergistic effects of the whole, which cannot be learned simply by studying its parts. traditionalistic empiricism provides a basis for the study of certain types of knowledge that have made important contributions to the science of nursing. Giuliano,K. ( 2003)The strength of contemporary empiricism is that it values traditional empirical knowledge but takes interpretive knowledge into account in order to provide a context for the appropriate application of that knowledge. The pluralistic nature of contemporary empiricism gives it the ability to bridge the tornado between the facts of scientificknowledge and the use of scientific knowledge in order to facilitate the application of all types of nursing knowledge. Giuliano,K. ( 2003).HISTORICISM The main protagonist of historicism is Kuhn. He was dismayed to find that traditional accounts of the philosophy of science bore no comparison with historical 8 Philosophy course First Assignment evidence. He then set out to establish a theory of the philosophy of science in keeping with historical evidence as he saying it (hence the term historicism). Nyatanga (2005). Relativism Epistemological relativism view of truth and falsity in general are relative.An epistemological relativist denies that anything at all can be known with certainty. According to hard core epistemological relativism, everything is a upshot of opinion, including science. In this view of truth, nursing science has much knowledge that is derived from opinion and personal experience and accordingly it is relative knowledge. Summa ry The importance and significance of the philosophical world views of realism, antirealism, phenomenology , postmodernism, positivism, empiricism, relativism and historicism for nursing science and profession were explored in this paper.However, thisarea need more detailed exploration through our philosophy course in order to understand the similarities and differences between these philosophical worldviews and how we can integrate this knowledge in our practice and education. 9 Philosophy course First Assignment References Giuliano,K. (2003). Expanding the use of empiricism in nursing can we bridge the gap between knowledge and clinical practice? Nursing Philosophy. 2003,4, pp. 4452. Gortner,S. and Schumacher,K. (1992). (Mis)conception and Reconceptions about Traditional Science. Advances in Nursing Science, 1992, 14(4)1-11 Lomborg,K. and Kirkevold,M.(2003).Truth and validity in grounded theory a reconsidered realist interpretation of the criteria fit, work, relevance and modifia bility. Nursing Philosophy, 2003,4, pp. 189200. Newman,M. , Sime, A. , and Cororan-Perry. .(1991)The Focus of the gibe of Nursing. Advances in Nursing Science,(1991),14(1)1-6. Nyatanga, L. (2005). Nursing and the philosophy of science. Nurse Education Today (2005) 25, 670674 Wainwright, S. ( 1997). A new paradigm for nursing the potential of realism. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1997, 26, 1262-1271 Weaver, K. and Olson, J. (2006).Understanding paradigms used for nursingresearch. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006 Vol. 53 Issue 4 pages 459469 10 Philosophy course First Assignment Welch,M. and Polifoni,E. (1999) . Perspectives on Philosophy of Science in Nursing. An Historical and Contemporary Anthology. Copyright 1999. Lippincott Williams Wilkins . Whelton,B. (2002) Human nature as a source of practical truth AristotelianThomistic realism and the practical science of nursing. Nursing Philosophy,2002, 3, pp. 3546 Wikipedia, (2007). Phenomenology. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Retr ieved October 15, 2007, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phenomenology.

Blue Collar Jobs Essay Example for Free

coloured Collar Jobs EssayIn the current economic situation in the U.S, graduating high school and red off to college for a degree has pretty much constrain the goal for most of the students here in the United States. According to the Institute of Education Sciences, studies rush shown that between 1999 and 2009, the number of students in the United States poring over a degree in college full time has risen by almost 45% man part time students increased by 28%. With the vast expanding number of students, the number of job openings for these received fields are simply not enough to provide every graduate with a job. Because of this problem the unemployment rates are staggeringly high here in the United States which includes the 44% those coming step to the fore of college. (Rampell) Take Kyle Bishop for example. Currently 24, he has been waiting tables, delivering beer, and working at a bookstore since 2009 when he receive from the University of Pittsburgh. (Rampell) St ories like this arise every day and only much appear.It will eventually affect incoming college students pursuing a degree and those who return to study to obtain a degree. Despite these stories however, many companies have been seeking employees to fill up flecks for months to years. Many of these jobs have included machinist, welder, and many more in manufacturing, therefrom blue collar jobs. Now you may be thinking, how dirty dog companies not fill up position for manual labor? But with the pace of the advancement of technology in modern society, machinery has become more complicated and requires a higher dexterity cap to use compared to before while the number of workers with the skill to operate them has been dwindling. In the North Dakota oil fields, there is a 30% shortage of petroleum engineers and a 10% shortage of machinists that the companies simply cannot find enough workers with the skillsets to fill up these positions.According to news clause from the Dallas Morn ing News the workforce is very skilled but theyre mostly lot with bring who are soon to retire. It seems like jobs cant be found without experience and experience cant be gained without a job however, many say vocational school may become a solution. Students will be able to gain experience by learning about accepted jobs in the field and acquiring the skills required without the need of actually finding a job. More mint would become qualified to take over the empty positions and those soon to be empty as people begin to retire and more skilled workers join the workforce which could ease the unemployment rates.Every move do can affect the future of the United States economy and the future workers. Education is certainly very grand but obtaining skills to work certain jobs is probably one of the most important factors in getting a job.

Students Living at Home and Living Away from Family Essay Example for Free

Students Living at Home and Living Away from Family EssayThis Chemistry module is designed for students who wish to study sensual sciences or health sciences at tertiary level. Pre-requisites None ASSESSMENT STRATEGY * The outcomes of this module will be assessed using a variety of assessment strategies including, assignments and reports, in-class tests, laboratory investigations and an examination. * It is proposed that the following approximate weightings be assigned to the heterogeneous forms of assessment within this module. * There may be significant variation in the assessment methods apply by trainers in this module. Assignments/reports 15-25% * Tests 15-25% * Laboratory Investigations 10 25% * Final Examination %40 60% compend OF LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Describe composition of matter and chemic change. 2. Explain trends within the periodic table. 3. Describe chemical Bonding in its various forms 4. Calculate chemical quantities and stoichiometry 5. Explain Oxidati on Reduction reactions 6. Demonstrate a knowledge of Organic Chemistry (Optional Element) LEARNING OUTCOME ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 1.Describe composition of matter and chemical change. 1. 1 Describe the reputation of matter in terms of atoms and molecules, elements and compounds . 1. 2 Describe atomic grammatical construction and electron configuration. 1. 3 Describe chemical change in terms of transfer or share of electrons 2. Explain trends within the periodic table. 2. 1 Describe chemical periodicity including distinguishing between metals and non-metals2. 2 hit the electron configuration of elements to their place in the periodic table 3. Describe Chemical Bonding in its various forms 3. Recall chemical names and formulae of common ionic and covalent compounds. 3. 2 Describe the nature and theory of chemical bonding for ionic and covalent compounds, metals and network solids3. 3 Describe and explain the shapes and mansion of simple molecules. 3. 4 Describe the states of matt er in terms of intermolecular forces. Include the properties of gases. 4. Calculate chemical quantities and stoichiometry Students must demonstrate that they can complete calculations involving4. chemical quantities, the mole, percentage composition, and empirical formula. (optional)4. 2 balanced equations, mass-mass stoichiometry, mass-concentration stoichiometry 4. 3 solution stoichiometry, concentrations and volumetric analysis. 5. Explain Oxidation Reduction reactions 5. 1 Define Oxidation and reduction and notice oxidised and reduced species in chemical reactions. 5. 2 Determine oxidation number and use it to image whether oxidation reduction has occurred in particular reactions.

Drug offenders sdmitted to prison Essay Example for Free

medicine offenders sdmitted to prison house house EssayThe single greatest force behind the growth of the U. S. prison system since the mid-1980s has been the national war on doses. 45 Spearheaded by major federal official do doses indemnity initiatives that significantly increased penalties for dose offenses and labelly increased federal funds for invoke anti-drug efforts, federal and area measures to combat drugs have concent sayd on criminal law enforcement rather than prevention and treatment.46 An estimated 400,000 quite a little roughly oneness-quarter of the total incarcerated universe in the U. S. are confined in local jails and show and federal prisons on drug charges. 47 Citing the extraordinary enumerate of drug offenders in U. S. prisons, General Barry McCaffrey, has decried the creation of what he termed a drug gulag. 48 Policies adopted to battle the use and sale of drugs have led to marked increases in arrest evaluate, in the likelihood of going t o prison, and in the length of sentences for drug offenders. Between 1980 and 1997, the number of annual drug arrests tripled to a graduate(prenominal) of 1,584,000. 49 The rate of drug arrests per 100,000 residents rose from 288 to 661.50 The rate of commitment to state prison per drug arrest quintupled amid 1980 and 1990, rising from 19 prison commitments per 1,000 arrests to 103 per 1,000. 51 The estimated time served by drug offenders in state prisons increased a full year between 1987 and 1996 federal drug sentences doubled. 52 As of 1997, there were an estimated 285,009 men and women in state and federal prisons on drug charges, a twelvefold increase since 1980. 53 Relative to the adult population, the rate of imprisonment of drug offenders hasincreased almost tenfold, rising from less than 15 inmates per 100,000 adults to 148 per 100,000.54 In 1980, drug offenders comprised only six part of state prison populations. By 1998, they constituted 21 percent. In federal prisons , drug offenders now comprise 59 percent of in all inmates, whereas they represented only a quarter of federal inmates in 1980. 55 do drugs Offenders Admitted to Prison Between 1980 and 1998, the number of new admissions of drug offenders to state and federal prison soared, exceeding 1. 5 million in total (Figure 5). In recent years, about one hundred thousand drug offenders have been admitted to prison annually. Nationwide, 31 percent of all admissions to state prison in 1996 were drug offenders.Among the states, the correspondence of drug offenders varied between a utter of 10 percent in Maine to a high of 46. 6 percent in upstart Jersey and 44. 7 percent in New York (Figure 6). In three quarters of the states, more than one in five persons sent to prison was convicted of a drug offense. In contrast, violent offenders accounted nationwide for only 26. 8 percent of new state prison admissions. site of Admission of Drug Offenders There is a remarkable range in the extent to whi ch states subject their populations to incarceration on drug charges (Table 8).The range of admission of drug offenders to prison per 100,000 adult residents vary from a low of 6 per 100,000 in Maine to a high of 91 in California. The ten states that have the highest evaluate of drug offender admissions relative to population are California, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington. Nationwide, drug offenders are sent to prison at a rate, relative to population, that is 13 percent high than the rate for violent offenders (Table 9).In one half of the states reporting to NCRP, the admission rates for drug offenders exceed those for persons convicted of violent crimes. Six states Arkansas, California, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia send drug offenders to prison at rates that range from 50 to 100 percent higher than the rates for violent offenders. Drug Offending and Prison Admissions The broad range in admissio n rates for drug offenders a grade the country cannot be ascribed simply to variations in drug use and sales in different states.Table 10, covering twenty six states, presents federal estimates of the percentage of the population over 12 in those states who were current illicit drug users in 1991-1993. 56 Although some drug users may cross state lines to purchase drugs, we assume that relative rates of drug use in each state also roughly reflect relative amounts of drug sale activity. Comparing drug use rates with calculations of the rate relative to population at which drug offenders in those states were sent to prison reveals the lack of a consistent correlation between drug offending and the imprisonment of drug offenders.First, the percentage of the population that utilize drugs varied among states from 4. 1 to 8. 2 percent, compared to a range in drug offender admission rates that extended from 8 to 91. Second, the states with higher rates of drug use were not necessarily the states with higher drug offender admission rates. Oregon, for example, had the third highest percentage of drug use, yet it had one of the lowest rates of drug admissions. In contrast, California had both the highest rate of drug use and the highest rate of drug offender admissions.Third, lower drug use did not necessarily correlate with low drug offender admissions rates. The percentage of Illinois population that used drugs was quite low, yet the statehad the second highest rate of drug offender admissions. Similarly, Louisiana had a relatively low rate of drug use yet it had one of the highest rates of drug admissions. Obviously, no important conclusions can be drawn from a comparison of these two rather crude sets of figures.Nevertheless, the data paint a picture the explanation for the different rates at which people are sent to prison for drug offenses mustiness lie in different penal policies and priorities among the states, including different law enforcement resources a nd strategies, prosecutorial charging preferences, and sentencing laws, as well as geomorphologic and demographic factors, e. g. , degrees of urbanization, rather than rates of drug offending. Drugs Involved In Offense The NCRP data does not allow reliable calculations about the extent to which different hard drugs (e. g. , cocaine, amphetamines, heroin) were involved in drug offenses.The data is close to better with regard to the identification of marijuana offenses, which were identified as the drug involved in 4. 3 percent of all drug admissions. 57 In nine states marijuana offenses accounted for more than ten percent of drug admissions Alabama (16. 09), Iowa (17. 22), Kentucky (12. 4), Mississippi (14. 50), New Hampshire (28. 83), North Dakota (43. 02), South Carolina (11. 25), South Dakota (18. 3), and West Virginia (20. 63) (Table 11). Type of Drug Conduct People are sent to prison for both drug possession and sales-related conduct.In 1996, the unanalyzable possession of dr ugs (excluding possession with intent to sell) was the most serious conviction offense for 28 percent of all drug offenders admitted to state prison (Table 12). Fifty-six percent of drug offender admissions were for drug sales, and the rest for former(a) drug-related offenses (e. g. , fraudulent prescriptions and unlawful possession of syringes). In nine states (Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, Mississippi, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Virginia) more than 50 percent of drug offenders sent to prison were convicted of simple possession.

The enzyme potato catalase Essay Example for Free

The enzyme potato catalase EssayAnalysis Instead of filtering out poor data for my imparts I prolong decided to select the best result to concentrate on. I removed quite a a few(prenominal) results. The priming coats for removing results was either because of missing data, anomalous data (not following the trend of others that I believed to be correct), and unusual entries much(prenominal) as amount of type O collected decreasing as the experiment went on. This most likely was because of incorrect readings as other explanations, such as the oxygen dissolving in the water, are unlikely. These are the result I get down chosenThe effect of hydrogen peroxide (substratum) concentration upon the rate of oxygen mathematical product in the presence of Catalase Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide (vol) Volume of gas collected in anatropous measuring cylinder at end of each successive minute (cm3) over a stage of 4 minutes Student InitialsThis is an example of one of the result s I did not includeFrom my selected results I withal split them into the 4 different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide tested for ease of use which went as follows5cm2 10cm2 1 Minute 2 legal proceeding 3 proceeding 4 Minutes 1 Minutes 2 Minutes 3 Minutes 4 Minutes Minutes 2 Minutes 3 Minutes 4 Minutes 1 Minutes 2 Minutes 3 Minutes 4 Minutes 1I did not include this as some information is missing, possible implying that the way in which the experiment was performed was faulty.This could blend in me to a false conclusion. This is another example of the type of results I did not include As you canister see the amount of oxygen collected has decreased throughout the experiment, this is very unusual, and likely suggests that the readings were incorrectly read, for this reason I do not want inaccurate data to lead me to a poor conclusion. hear more Essay onPotato CatalaseAfter that I found the standard deviation of only my results to further check in that location were no anomalous data, these are my findings CONCENTRATION 5cm2 accounting entry/Minute nerve of Standard aberrancy Standard divergency0CONCENTRATION 10cm2 Entry/Minute Sum of Standard Deviation CONCENTRATION 20cm2 Entry/Minute Sum of Standard Deviation 7. 26 5. 98 7. 45 8. 72 Standard Deviation Although there are a few entries with high deviation (for example entry itemise 6 on the 5cm2 concentration table) all his/her results are consistently off the standard deviation, this suggests that there is nothing abuse with their collection of data, so there for I decided to leave them in.After selecting my results, I have interpreted the mean of the selecting results, it is as follows Concentration/Time This chart shows that as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide increases so does the amount of oxygen produced. It increases at roughly the same rate throughout the reply and the amount of oxygen produced is generally a higher amount with a higher concentration.This half matchs with my hypothesi s, I predicted that the reaction would step to the fore to slow down after the initial reaction had occurred, this does not however seem to be the case. However, the initial rate of reaction is a lot higher The possible reasons for this could be that the reaction did not have enough time to start to level off or slow down as there was still a lot of substratum left over and the reaction could still be performed at maximum rate, if this was the case it would not start to slow down until there was significantly less substrate available, obviously this has not been the case.These results do match my hypothesis in that I said as concentration increased, so would the amount of oxygen produced and the rate of reaction would generally be greater. Here is a graph to show the initial rate of reaction for different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide As you can see, as the concentration increases, so does the initial rate of reaction, this is because a greater amount of hydrogen peroxide is available, which sum more substrate molecules come in contact with the enzymes (and thus their active site) and can be quarantined into their products, this is explained simply by collision theory in the introduction.The reason that later on in the reaction the rate of the reaction may be different is because there is likely to be less substrate left over as the reactions occurring would have separated them into their products, hence the reaction rate would not be going as fast. Appendix Mean Added up all the entries, then divided them by the number of entries there were. E. g. The mean for Would be (1. 1+1. 3+1. 2+1. 4)/4 which equals 1. 25 Standard Deviation For the single entries (Entry-(mean of all results in that concentration and minute))to the power of 2 For the total standard deviation full-blooded root of (Sum of all single standard deviations/number of entries 1).BibliographyBiology 1 (Cambridge Advanced Sciences) Internet URLs http//www. clunet. edu/BioDev/omm/catalas e/frames/cattx. htm http//www. beyondtechnology. com/tips016. shtml The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Life and Margaret Atwood Essay Example for Free

Life and Margaret Atwood EssayThis quotation was taken from Margaret Atwoods story, Homelanding. This story recounts many aspects of human institution from an outside view, as if it was being told to an outlander race. This story tells about human appearance, sex (both difference and the exemplify of), sunbathing, sleeping, death, and many other human functions in a scientific way. This story takes a step onward from the normal way of describing these objects. For example, Margaret Atwood talks about eating and describes it by saying I destroy and overhear certain parts of my surroundings and change them into myself. Most people who have had human contact their entire purport consider eating putting food in their mouths, chewing, and swallowing. This quotation at the beginning of the story expresss that the author knows that she is writing this for a human audience. She starts this off with the line, Where should I begin? This is more of a colloquial style that draws t he reader into this as if she was talking directly to the reader.The human reader is supposed to take the percentage of the alien race. The reader has to take a duality of being both a human and from an alien race who has no knowledge of anything human. The next line restates this with, After all you have never been there or if you have you may not have understood the significance of what you say or persuasion you saw. An alien race would never have been to earth, yet the human reader has spent his whole life on earth if never stopping to think of the significance of what he is seeing. The next line is A window is a window, but there is looking out and looking in. This can be seen in all the number of times that someone sees something in someone else that the person does not see in himself. For example, often a teacher is responsible for helping a student develop a talents that was there but the student did not know that he had it.This story is attempting to do the same and show the reader characteristics that mankind has but do not know it has. In the next line, this is reiterated with the statement, The native you glimpsed, disappearing behind the curtain, or into the bushes, or d birth the manhole in the mainstreetmy people are shymay have only been your own reflection in the glass. This shows the reader is the reflection in the glass and is seeing a portrait of himself in the story. Storytelling is often used to teach a lesson to the reader or listener. One of the most read examples of this is the Bible. messiah often spoke in parables to help teach lessons to his listeners. This story attempts to make us take a step away fromourselves and see ourselves in a different light so we could possibly infer ourselves better.

Effective Teaching Essay Example for Free

Effective Teaching try extinctOne of the professions that could be interesting on one side yet challenging on the other(a) side is the statement profession. Many people see teaching as an enterprise where people who atomic number 18 knowledgeable in a field of study transmit what they know to others who know little around that field of study. Generally, this is a misconception as this limits teaching to the content and does not consider actual skill. In the material hotshot, teaching is all encompassing as it deals with what is being taught, how it is being taught and the entire process of knowledge acquisition. As a teacher or an teacher, one must apply the right methods in disseminating information. There be different instructional methods that work for different set of people. Personally, I would not say that one is give away than the other because I believe that all these instructional methods work, depending on the targeted students/participants and how the instr uctor or teacher terminate trenchantly use them. To speak on the whole, teaching is about imparting knowledge or achievement and no matter the instructional method you use, the most important thing is that knowledge is being passed crosswise the right way.Therefore, as an instructor, one must understand the students need and identify/ word specific methods in order to create an atmosphere that is conducive for learning and that allows the impartation of knowledge and skill. In my years of teaching and instructing, I read come to discover some methods that check worked for me. I have come to identify these instructional methods as vital and thus applied it in my style of teaching. As a teacher, I have come to identify withy these principles as effective and vital to the teaching profession.Although there argon many principles that I have incorporated in my style of teaching, I would dissertate the ones that I consider the most vital in the following paragraphs. Personally, I am of the notion that effective teaching should take a student centered approach where focus shifts from the instructor to the student. In my castes, I create an atmosphere where the students feel at home and be more involved in the learning process. I have discovered that this helps in the building of their cognitive abilities.I make sure that I do not present myself as the boss in the class, rather I encourage them to take part and allow them make decisions on the pace we go and what is studied. Topics that are treated in class are chosen according to the students needs and perceptions. I have monitored the effect that this has on the boilersuit learning process and I have discovered that the students amaze better problem solving skills. Furthermore, as a follow-up to the above method, I ensure that students participate more in the learning process.I am able to achieve this by seeking for their opinion about a way out in the start of each class. Apart from this, sometimes I ini tiate a debate in the class and play the role of an umpire as I hear their opinions. I then pick out relevant points from what they have said and use it as a starting point in introducing the topic to the class. I stipulate it in the class syllabus that class participation will be order at the end of the course and this will add up to the points. In addition to this, I sometimes break the students into small groups and organize a mini class competition.This has worked greatly as it gives me an insight into their imagination about the topic and thus I can be able to correct their misconceptions based on what I have heard them say. This encourages collaborative and group learning and this creates a warm atmosphere in the class. Another thing I do in my class is that I build a sense of curiosity in the students. This gives them the desire to learn more and look forward to what would be taught in the following(a) class. At the end of each class, I give rhetorical questions that are o pen ended in nature, such that it builds suspense in them and makes them want to know the answers to the questions I give.I also ask them fancy provoking questions and sometimes make a captivating statement about what will be introduced in the next class As a teacher, I have recognized that fact that there are different types of students. Some are naturally want to learn and are always ready to look new possibilities. However, as this is true of some students, some other students are passive learners. When I federal agency this, a method I use is supporting these types of students to leave their comfort zones and create new possibilities for themselves.I achieve this by guiding their thoughts and making them participate in class. Some students are rather worn out because they are scared of contributing the wrong thing in class. This makes them stay in their comfort zones and they seldom participate in class. In such a case I strive to build the reliance of such students and aid them in their thinking process by providing clues for them to hit the right ideas. This method helps them to develop confidence in themselves and come out of their shells to participate in class.In my years of teaching, I have seen students who are timid transform to become major contributors in class. Finally, I have discovered that learning requires a settled mind. Therefore I make sure that I do not bedim the students only with academic work. I make sure that I teach these students how to be successful in life as well as in school. I make them know that I am concerned about them and their welfare but I do not involve myself directly in their affairs. I always give my students a listening ear and operate an open door constitution where they can relate better with me.Summarily, teaching could be challenging but there is a delight that comes from the fact that I am imparting knowledge to them. The fulfillment of a teacher or an instructor is exemplified in the good performance o f his/her students. Nothing makes me happier than seeing my students perform well and develop mastery in the topics which I have taught them.Reference Edwards, R. (2001). Meeting individual learner needs power, subject, subjection. In C. Paechter, M. Preedy, D. Scott, and J. Soler (Eds. ), Knowledge, business office and Learning. London SAGE.

Quality management Essay Example for Free

Quality management EssayDialogue 2 Identify two (2) thought leaders relative to flavor management. Research each to determine their core ideas and contributions. Synthesize your thoughts about each into a one paragraph (per leader) that contains important and meaningful statements about each thought leader, their contributions, and the relevance of the contribution nowadays regarding the work of project managers.Joseph M. JuranDr. Juran devoted 70 years to his books, thoughts, and life work revolutionizing the philosophy of total quality management. His developed quality management ideas work around the quality trilogy of Quality Planning, Quality Improvement, and Quality Control. with the Juran Institute, Dr. Juran has maintained the capability to continually broaden the experiential learning of economist, scientist, and engineers around his work. Dr. Jurans teachings and guidance contract efforts on the customer and their needs, optimizes the product for those individuals, optimizes the processes involved, and ensures that the process will actually produce the product. Dr. Juran understood that the human destiny (the customer, the manager, the scientist, the engineer) was an integral piece of the quality process. His lessons contributed to the rise of the Japanese economy after his hands on whole kit and caboodle with the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers. The push of information today has allowed these theories to flourish. Customer satisfaction is an ever pressing note for large and small businesses. Todays managers would be hard pressed to understand the human factor, if individuals worry Dr. Juran did not lay the ground work to focus efforts on the human factors.Genichi TaguchiTaguchi was a Japanese cloth Engineer that understood the processes and influences of small and large businesses. He realized there were variables within managements control and others that we not. His major contributions/theories were the following The Loss Fu nction- an equation to quantify the decline of a customers perceived value of a product, as the quality declines Orthogonal Arrays and Linear Graphs- tools to identify and isolate the items touch when dealing with effective costs and time Robustness- the identified course of developing products and processes that perform uniformly heedless of the uncontrollable forces.

Coptic Christians Essay Example for Free

Coptic Christians EssayAs peerless of the most dominant sources of primary readership in the worldly concern newspapers have a commodious deal of advocate oer what their recipients read and believe with this be the case it is no surprise that it is the editorial standpoint of the articles presented in your local newspaper that dictate how you feel about particular subjects, especially those of international appeal, not distant the varying views of the recent pig culls in Egypt.With tensions in the bea high and ready to boil over the Egyptian government has started a controversial pig cull that has left outside nations confused and pauperism stricken pig farmers throwing stones. After having learned some very hard lessons with mad cow complaint and bird flu fatalities, the Egyptian government began the cull to prevent the infestation of swine flu and it has since been deemed a anyday health measure of great concern and unending debate.People consider newspaper articles to be close as valid a source as a first-hand account, often viewing news reports as individuals writing live from the location of the story as if a part of the incident taking nonplus it is never interpreted into account the fact that a great deal of newsprint stories are taken down from the Associated Press and reported in the way that the writer and editors of newspaper should see fit.Thus, with the story being reported and relayed differently the perceptions of readers in France, America, the United Kingdom and various early(a) parts of the world are likely to be very different when it comes to stories like this one. Although the story has been reported all over the world, the yet way to get the mixings of the real story with all of its elements would be to include the information obtained in every newspaper that has covered the story, or to at least take representative samples from varying parts of the world like what has been done here.Where one country may report predomi nantly on the religious aspects of the divergence another country may focus more on money and another on class, so in order to get the full story you must put together the pieces that you receive from the sources you review.In presenting information like the fact that the World Health Organization reports that the swine flu outbreak was spread by dint of a person-to-person system of transmission and that in none of the more than 700 cases reported worldwide was in that respect believed to be any animal-to-person transmission, nor were there any fatalities or serious cases reported outside of Mexico it is clear that BBC countersign is attempting to portray the views and understandings of various international organizations like the United Nations and their World Health Organization.This newspaper is attempting to present how the restoration is being perceived by international health officials. BBC parole also spent a great deal more time presenting the religious argument than on the monetary aspects and the class issues over the list of physical disputes. They reported that most people living in Cairo are Muslim, so it is the vox populi of the pig farmers, as Coptic Christians, that the pig cull is a personal attack on them as a direct insult against their chosen faith.With Muslims having taken a vow against pork, the pig farming and consumption that takes place in Egypt is enacted by its Coptic Christian minority, which constitutes only about 10% of the Egyptian population. BBC News is trying to make clear here that the Coptic Christians are being unfairly targeted as the bring down class minority, an element not very well touched on in some of the other periodicals.

Wernicke’s Area and Speech Production Essay Example for Free

Wernickes Area and Speech Production EssayWernickes AreaWernickes field of operation is the region of the brain where talk verbiage is understood. Neurologist Carl Wernicke is credited with discovering the function of this brain region. The Wernickes area is located on the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of vocabulary (Brocas area is related to the labor of speech). vocabulary development or usage end be seriously impaired by change to this area of the brain. Functions of Wernickes Area includes Language Comprehension Semantic Processing Language Recognition Language variationSpeech ProductionSpeech achievement is the process by which spoken develops are selected to be produced, have their phonetics formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system in the vocal apparatus.The production of spoken lyric involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization in which the design to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed. Here the preverbal intended messages are formulated that specify the concepts to be verbally expressed. This is a warlike process in which an appropriate word is selected among a cohort of candidates.The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic form required for that words expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic frame, and phonological encoding which specifies the phonetic form of the intended utterance. At this stage a flowering glume is picked that is the abstract form of a word that lacks any information about the sounds in it (and thus in the beginning the word can be pronounced). It contains information concerning only meaning and the relation of this word to others in the sentence.The tierce stage is articulation which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics of a word and the motor coordination of appr opriate vocalization and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue, lips, jaw, and other parts of the vocal apparatus.2.2 Wernickes AphasiaThe brain also can be impaired. Suharno (1982) identified one of the brain disorder that causes language disorders, namely CVA (Cerebral Vascular Accident) which means to damage blood vessels in the brain, is an example of local brain damage, and damage spread that attacks the brain. One of the brain disorders is Wernickes aphasia.Aphasia is partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken or written language, resulting from damage to the brain caused by injury or disease.Wernickes aphasia is a language disorder that impacts language comprehension and the production of meaningful language. The disorder is related to damage to the Wernickes area. Individuals with Wernickes aphasia have difficulties soul spoken language but are able to produce sounds, phrases, and word sequences. While these utterances have t he same rhythm as normal speech, they are not language because no information is conveyed.2.3 Case ExampleAccording to YouTube that uploaded by squirtofmylife on Feb 20, 2012 which titled Wernickes aphasia Interview with Amelia Carter. She had stroke and know she has aphasia. In this video shown that Amelia is difficult to understanding what the speaker say to her. First, when the promontoryer (while showing bottle, bell, ball, hunger, and notebook) asked her Amelia what is this? she always gives answers that doesnt match with what questioner shown. Second, the questioner tell that she has to repeat what the questioner said, but she answers with different word. And the last test the questioner said Amelia finished this cry Marry had a little honey then she continues the songlittle lamb little lamb Marry had a little lamb its fleece was white as snow. When she wants to answer the question she needs more times to understand the speech.Based on the analysis about speech production and the case about Amelia Carter, it passes the several process to do something that we can see from the model below. So, the process of speech is succeed. But, when the brain has a damage, especially in the part of producing language in the Wernickes area on the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain because it is responsible for the comprehension of speech, the process of speech production can be hampered.As the result, what is taken out can not match, what we thinking about is not appropriate with what we say. The example is the case of Amelia Carter, she had stroke and it strikes the part of producing language in her brain. She loss the abillity to understand language. She can speak clearly, but the words that are put together make no sense. This way of utterance has been called word salad because it appears that the words are all mixed up like the vegetables in a salad.

Applications of Sustainable Architecture

Applications of sustainable ArchitectureSustainability What it right smart for ArchitectureAbstractThis thesis considers what sustainability doer to computer interior designerure, and how architects rump utilise their know leadge to non besides check into a greener future(a) for constructions, but to stir a better understanding of sustainability on a far wider scale. The atomic number 18as under study include an idea of the technical, social, and financial and zipper-saving aspects of sustainable teaching. Research proposes that systematic look and study into what sustainability fuddleds jackpot help the fancy to be to a greater extent fully mum and better implemented in industry. Research is secondary, and engagements three field studies which I accept selected for their relevance to my digit interests and which I believe represent a unique and innovative approach to the concept and rendering of sustainability in architecture.IntroductionContemporary defini tions of sustainability suggest that it is a generic line which encompasses many aras of society and industry, including creates, transport, and public put. Sustainable architecture has been defined as a cultural edifice in that it is a label for a revised conceptualization of architecture A sustainable design is a creative adaptation to ecological, sociocultural and built contexts (in that order of priority), supported by credible viscous arguments.1 This dissertation hears to address and discuss the varied ways in which sustainability relates to architecture, including physical constraints, impaction of sustainable design, policy- qualification and social trends and ineluctably, and the availability of resources with which to build sustainable architecture. For architects sustainability and its implications have become of great value and importance fin all(prenominal)y changing the direction of architecture as a discipline and practical science. I believe that the ve rge sustainability is a term thrown around real often without much thought as to what it means often beca delectation it is a concept of such great depth with potentially world-changing consequences and that the concept accepts far much(prenominal) question if it is to be fully implemented on a mass scale.Throughout this thesis, I seek to define my own professional and creative interpretation of sustainable architecture by examining and take careing from the wee of others. In my structuring of the thesis I have narrowed down these interests to focus on three break areas as represented by three chosen case studies. These are to includeChapter One. Technical sustainability Werner SobekThis chapter examines how German engineer and architect Werner Sobek has integrated sustainable technical features into the design of his ecological nucleotide. The social housing bottom of the inning zed labour in London is also examined for its contributions to exploitation a clearer u nderstanding of how architects might mix sustainable technology into their designs.Chapter Two. Social Sustainability Seattle program program library OMA. This chapter considers the impact and fly the coop of the public building for the immediate neighbourhood, and why the development is socially important.Chapter Three. Economical and Energetic Sustainability at seatdington.This chapter examines the key features of the Bed Zed pop out and what energy-saving and sparing incentives the project offers to the wider biotic association. Now one of the nigh well-known sustainable social housing developments, designed by Bill Dunster Architects, Bed Zed provides a usable and insightful point of comparison for the other studies. This allows me to prize the changes and improvements which sustainable development has undergone over the last decade.Chapter One Technical Sustainability Werner SobekAs outlined by Stevenson and Williams the important documentals of sustainability inc lude significantly reducing greenho physical exercise gas emissions, conserving resources, creating well-structured and gummy communities, and maintaining a consistent and successful economy2. For architecture these concepts have opened up a spic-and-span industry involving use of alternative often re-usable materials, which offers the architect space to experiment with sweet designs. A considerable body of research exists into the best use of tress materials, offering guidance to architects and construction companies. For subject, in 2000 The Building Research Establishment published a opus called a green guide to construction materials which presents Life Cycle Assessment studies of various materials and their surroundingsal impacts3. Whereas zip Efficiency Best Practice in Housing have already established through research that at that place is global pressure to ensure that construction materials are sustainable.4Sobeks design of his own sustainable home has been describ ed as an ecological show house of precise minimalism.5 Its principal design is of a cube wrapped in a glass shield, where all components are recyclable. The nearly obviously sustainable technical feature is the buildings modular design glass panels and a steel sick, which forms a lightweight structure. Sorbeks work illustrates a high degree of thought behind the architects conceptual understanding of sustainability. Sorbek has obviously thought about what sustainability means and has implemented his knowledge to create an example from which future practitioners ordain learn. In Sobeks work we see the high degree to which he has embraced new technology and make sophisticated use of new materials, while also maximising user easiness by incorporating sensor and controlling technology. Further much, the use of arbitrarily convertible ducts makes the use of traditional composites un needed. Thus, Sorbek is progressing the discipline of sustainable architecture, branching out into bo lder, and stranger designs, which displace the functionality and detract saleability from traditional designs.In contemporary sustainable designs there needs to be a regularity and simplicity of form as this seems best to reflect the sustainable philosophy of the architect. As Papenek said of the designs of ecologically sensitive projects common sensation must(prenominal) prevail when a design is planned.6 Considering the example of Sobek it is clear that sustainable building although fairly simple can neverthe little view from a range of theoretical models in its designs. For example, the influence of traditional, even classical traditions will never be entirely absent from contemporary design more thanover contemporary sustainable designs require a re-assessment of architectural theory and practice. As Williamson et al phrases itgreen, ecological, and environmental are labels that embody the notion that the design of buildings should primally bewilder account of their re lationship with and impact on the natural environment .. labels refer to a particular dodge employed to achieve the conceptual outcome, and the strategies that occur in a handling must be understood as instances from a range of theoretical possibilities. The promotion of a restricted range of strategic options regulates the discourse and the ways of practising the discipline .. Overall, practitioners modify their concept of their discipline to embrace these new themes, concerns and ways of practice.7Ways in which these theoretical influences might be expressed include experiments in symmetry, and regularity of form. Very often, as shown by Sobeks work, the sustainable features require certain areas of space which can be unified under the more common purpose of working collaboratively. At Bed Zed in London any artistic compromises are more than compensated for by the provision of its own renewable energy. Forms, although not ambitious or ornamental do adhere to the Vitruvian princi ples of symmetry, where symmetry is defined as A proper agreement amid the members of the work itself, and relation among the diverse parts and the whole general scheme, in accordance with a certain part selected as standard.8In the BedZed project the regular layout, consisting of the assimilation of many component parts, reflects the sense of collaboration amongst the different companies which joined forces to create BedZed, and also the partnership feel amongst the hoi polloi who live there. at that place is for certain a sense of completeness, deriving from the presence of many different units, fortified by sustainable features, where vents of varying colours detract from the strict regularity of forms, creating a light-hearted and sunny aspect. Order and symmetry are integral to the design, as without these principles the amalgamation of materials and technological apparatus has the potential to look untidy. In both Sorbeks project and at Beddington the presence of many turnows, and solar panelled roofs, will come to symbolise not a lost tradition of architecture, but the securing of conceptual ideologies which aim to combine practicality with ecological sound principles and materials.Chapter Two. Social Sustainability Seattle Library OMA.The Seattle Central Library, that opened in 2004, offers a unique blend of technical and social sustainability where multi-functional spaces are unite with the most recent and effective orders of construction. An important feature of the librarys placement is that it occupied the aforesaid(prenominal) site as the previous library. All too often new developments such as the saucily proposed re-building of the Thomas Cooper Library at USC, Columbia involve purchasing a bigger site, often removed from the original location. This changing of location alters the layout of the city or town and then changes the social self-propelling of the area as well as the ways in which the public use the building. Designed by OMA Architects (Rem Koolhaas) and LMN Architects, the Seattle library has become one of the most famous buildings in North America9. Athens attributes this rise to fame to the buildings daring form, soaring spaces, and unique interpretation of library functionality, as well as organism a primarily green building with a LEED certification.The building is an irregular shape this is necessary in order to maximise the exposure of the high performance glazing system to the light. A triple-layered glass wall allows for people at bottom to have a shaded view out, while having plenty of daylight in the interior. One of the most sustainable features of contemporary projects should be to maximise daylight in spite of appearance the building and make best use of the energy that the sun affords. This not only means a greener ethic behind the buildings construction but also encourages people to make more use of the building as a public space, eg for conferences, functions etc. The Seattle Libr ary seeks to mark out a new definition of what public space means to the public, and how such a space can be multi-functional and dynamic in nature and design. Furthermore, the function of the building is not entirely contained to the immediate area or immediate society. For instance, the library has a rainwater collection system that is combined with a storm water detention store. This means that the 40,000 gallon tank makes use of the required stormwater detention tank and increases its size by about 50% offering supererogatory storage capacity for landscape irrigation, thus both conserving natural resources and benefiting the topical anesthetic farming and economic community. This library project is of particular relevance to the subject of this dissertation as it made use of LEED NC points an assessment method for the sustainable points of a building as it is created. The Seattle library LEED NC points check highlighted social credits as existence 28%This project is a go od example of how sustainable development can benefit the community and promote social engagement within the design process. As expressed by Athens,10 by its very nature, design process can represent the social side of sustainability because it is all about the people problematictheir vision, creativity, and collaborative skills. Because the library project was aiming to provide a bombastic community of people with an important service, and because the project needed to ensure a high level of longevity for the building, an extra three months was taken onwards the actual project design in order to research and map out the future of libraries their evolution, functionality and use of technology. Athens explains that this process served to question assumptions computeing the core purpose of the project, and assess fundamental concepts for how needs could be met.11The Bed Zed project in London although a social housing development provides a useful point of contrast to the Seattl e project. For example, Bed Zed is a good example of how topical anaesthetic government can work with topical anaesthetic society, in a community-based project. While Athens expresses, social aspects are harder to define as value propositions within the triple bottom line, and are often thought of as externalities,12 it was the primary objective of the Bed Zed project to ensure that all parties were represented and consulted throughout the course of the project. In this way the social sustainability of the project is best achieved as once completed, the residents of the 82 homes have expressed their enthusiasm for the project, play up its convenience, its thoughtfulness in design, and its energy-efficiency. As Buckingham said of the social cohesion that went into the Bed Zed project, and which the project itself precipitatedthither is a synergy from building on these links so that capacity building is achieved through confederation in delivering topical anesthetic environmenta l sustainability projects and policies. Greater capacity as the sum of the collective work make in various initiatives is greater than the respective(prenominal) parts or partners, and, overall, individual projects and initiatives have a cocksure impact locally regarding environmental sustainability..The design provides a carefully researched balance between the needs of residents, businesses and community activities the need for sunlight and daylight an economic construction system and high levels of insulation without losing contact with the orthogonal world.13As designers Bill Dunster Associates have noted, the true value of any site is determined by the list of accommodation the local planning area sub-committee will allow to be built on it-empowering local communities to promote zero emissions developments, without relying on large central government grants, or asking the developer to pay for the increase building costs of super efficient urban fabric.14 Thus, in the desig n and implementation of sustainable projects it is necessary for architects to work closely and liaise with the local planning committee, stakeholders, and potential residents.Chapter Three Energetic and Economic SustainabilityIn this chapter I seek to define the nature and importance of low-energy expenditure in construction and how to lower the buildings eventual energy output through new and innovative designs. Bed ZED Project, or Beddington Zero Energy Development, is the UKs largest carbon-neutral eco-community in the UK. It was built in 2002 in Wallington, within the London Borough of Sutton, and offers 82 residential homes. The Project was developed by the Peabody Trust, a social housing initiative in London, that aims to fight distress within the capital. The aim of this project was to build in partnership with both an architect and an environmental consultancy firm, in order to create a housing project that incorporates new approaches to energy conservation and sustainabil ity, and to develop a thriving community to live within it15.The BedZed design is unique for having incorporated a zero energy policy, where the energy that the buildings inhabitants need is produced by renewable sources generated on site.16 Reclaimed materials were employ, including appalboards, bollards, and timber.17 It is a large site, including a sports field, offering 50 dwelling spaces per hectare, 120 workspaces per hectare, and over 4000m2 of green open space per hectare.18 role of space is a key component of the design the roofs of workspaces are use as gardens, where in comparable circumstances, most densities might only have room for a balcony.19 According to the designers of BedZED, the combination of super-insulation, a wind driven ventilation system incorporating heat recovery, and passive solar gain stored within each plain by thermally massive floors and walls, reduces the need for both electricity and heat to the point where a one hundred thirty-five kW wood fuelled combined heat and power plant (chp) can meet the energy requirements for a community of around 240 residents and 200 workers.20 The community treats all its black and grey water on site, and collects rainwater to minimise mains water consumption. A photovoltaic installation provides enough solar electricity to power 40 electric cars and the community has the capability to lead a carbon neutral lifestyle-with all energy for buildings and local transport organism supplied by renewable energy sources. Other environmentally sensitive practices include community composting and plans for urban gardening on part of the adjoining Metropolitan Open Land, subject to local imprimatur approval. Using the Bio-Regional principles of local material and labour sourcing stimulating the local economy, and minimising pollution from transportation, the team is now developing a site based prefabrication technique. Buckingham records that on-site workshops took second hand materials directly fr om demolition sites, cleaning up both timber and steel, and using simple jigs to build structural frames. Materials for this development such as new hardwoods, including oak and chestnut were sourced from local WWF Forest Stewardship Council approved woodland. Whereas local brick, concrete aggregate and precast floor planks were all sourced within 35 miles of the site, thus ensuring that all bulky materials have a reduced corporeal energy.21It is important for architecture to embrace and promote new sustainable housing as a feasible and prosperous alternative to renovating older style homes and installing sustainable features as to the potential home-owner an affordable, sustainable home is far more likely to be a more overpriced asset of the future, offering them more efficient use of energy and a better quality of life. As highlighted by Glasgow Housing Association22 the most toxic build up of emissions occurs within the home, rather than outside the home, which is why new developments have greater viability for meeting the needs of housing associations and potential inhabitants. As stated in The Architectural Review, BedZed is a theme of radical architectural design, and deserves to be seen within a wider context as a model for future volume housing.23 In terms of sustainability BedZed betters the Millennium Village as it includes photovoltaic cells and individual power units, and the estrus requirements of BedZED homes are around 10% of that of a typical home.24 On their design of BedZed, Bill Dunster Architects is quoted as say that it was a high profile housing development designed to be carbon neutral eco-housing with apparent(prenominal) eco styling25 one where the houses were designed around a heat and power unit that operates on heat and electricity from tree waste26.The project, did however, run over cypher and well over its timescale due to problems in implementing the design and generating a truly sustainable outcome.As discussed by Williamson et al, sustainable design can be problematic in decision processes being made throughout the design processIn practice an architect must make many decisions quickly and simply, on the basis of apparent fittingness with the right thing to do rather than deep analysis. Designers are also typically concerned with many decisions at the same time, transposition from one to another in an attempt to find a fit between them, and initially regard most decisions as provisional anyway. Moreover, design problems are notoriously difficult to manage, to the extent of being labelled wicked.Whereas traditional strategies for decision- make and overcoming problems might rely upon an architects experience and ability to identify key features of a new situation and apply their knowledge correctly, within the relatively new field of sustainable architecture, architects have to make decisions based on the work of others. As Williams and Radford suggestskilful practitioners learn to conduct frame experiments in which they impose a kind of coherence on messy situations and thereby discover consequences and implications of their chosen frames. Long webs of what if I try this? speculations are spun out in the process of making a design. In this way designers come to understand the possibilities and scope of a problem through a circle of making proposals and reflecting on their implications. From time to time, their efforts to give order to a situation provoke unexpected outcomes back bawl out that gives the situation a new meaning. They listen and reframe the problem.27It is this ability to problem frame to on-the-spot experiment, and detect the consequences and implications of sustainable designs that will allow architects to succeed in creating truly sustainable designs designs which do not overrun budget or time-frames, but which seek to make a compromise between the interests of all parties and the resources available. As suggested by a number of researchers inclu ding Buckingham and Healey, building local knowledge and building on local knowledge within civil society is key to the development of social capital and institutional capital.28 Healey comments on the importance of local knowledge within different areas of civil society, and suggests that there is a need for local government to learn about different social worlds from which stakeholder groups and organisations come.29AnalysisThe case studies under discussion have exhibited the varied considerations and implications that sustainable development involves. Contemporary projects require an interdisciplinary approach one that consolidates information and can be used as a resource for future projects and research. As expressed by Hinchcliffe et al calculations and projections for the economic viability of sustainable projects require making what springly might be held to be no expertise as a resource for possible innovation, and to think of a project whereby expertise is less about dis tant judgments and more about learning to gather together in innovative ways.30A thorough means of assessing to a specific degree the sustainability of projects can be achieved by measures such as the LEED NC, which should be a valuable and essential element of architectural practice. What the case studies have shown is that all sustainable projects need to be cohesive stakeholders, interested parties, need to be involved and to work with the architect, if the sustainable aims are to be achieved. What all the sustainable developments under study have shown is that sustainable development is concerned with creating a build that is durable, while being economically, energetically, and practically sustainable. The overriding principle as expressed by company Sustainable Build is that less is more, and it is easy for a design to run over its budget simply by onerous to include too much or be too clever. Thus, a professional architect will need to aim for simplicity and functionality , and aim to make optimum utilization of space, often by thinking dual-purposefully as shown by the water tank at Seattle Library. Peter Fawcett sums up the contemporary relationship between architecture and sustainability offering an explanation to the question posed at the beginning of this thesisPeople may ask what does sustainability mean for architecture? but perhaps the proper question is what does architecture mean for sustainability? The former question suggests a weak approach to sustainability, i.e. an implicit assumption that sustainability has implications (possibly serious) for our present ways of procuring the built environment but those ways are basically appropriate. The latter question recognizes sustainability as the overarching concern, in terms of which all social disciplines and conduct must be reinterpreted and reformulated.31As mentioned above, sustainable development is about keeping within the means of a realistic and attainable budget and within the a ims and scope of the people involved. It is not only about installing energy efficient and environmentally friendly appliances, some of which can be expensive and where the paybacks may not materialise for some time but also about recycling and making the most use out of natural materials and other materials which may have been discarded or dismissed.32 antithetical people have different environmental goals that they wish to achieve, and each sustainable development will thus reflect these goals. Benefits to the community and to the individual can be huge, and often simultaneous. however more than this, sustainable development is more of an umbrella term that affects (or should affect) the ways in which people live and build within their environments, and how these attitudes and practices can evolve and make best use of these environments.In an article for the Guardian, architect Bill Dunster expresses his concerns that green-living should not mean dull livingI find the checklist -orientated green movement very dull. I am in a bad way(p) about eco-fascism and a distinct loss of joie de vivre33 With respect to the designs studied in this thesis there is certainly a lively, contemporary feel to the design of the Seattle project, combined with an optimum utilisation of space. Again, in the Bed Zed project, the symmetry of design and the colours used in the materials created a fun, individual look, that could not easily be replicated. Taking all the above into consideration my own research into what sustainable development means has led me to the conclusion that sustainable architecture does not mean dull or simple living for buildings inhabitants. Rather, the use of sophisticated technology as exemplified by the work of Sorbek can mean a wholly different form of living to traditionally constructed buildings which are not sustainable. This new way of living where space is used differently and more efficiently, and the impact of a persons existence is immedia tely reduced and made to feel sustainable offers a unique and more wholesome existence for the occupier.ConclusionIn conclusion, research for this project has highlighted the term sustainable to relate both directly and indirectly to architecture. While depending upon the social, technical, and financial structure of a project and its outcomes, sustainable development necessitates a flexible and dynamic understanding of energy, its potential, and its conservation. Sustainable development is all too often restricted by the options available, whereby practitioners modify their concept of their sustainability to suit individual projects. Although a degree of flexibility is required in order to modify design projects to suit the needs of all parties involved, it is essential for a professional architect to keep a clear focus on his or her definition of sustainability and what sustainability brings to the discipline and to their working life. In this way architects such as Sorbek can e nsure that they create examples of truly sustainable architecture that can be used to teach younger architects entree into the profession.As explained by Williamson et al, the practice of the discipline of sustainable architecture is necessarily subject to concepts and strategies based on common themes or concerns where the continuation, small shifts, fundamental transformations, or replacement of issues can be affected by institutional settings such as political events, changes in technologies, scientific discoveries, calamities (actual or imagined) or economic practices and processes.34 Seen in this way, says Williamson et al, green, ecological, and environmental are labels that embody the notion that the design of buildings should fundamentally take account of their relationship with and impact on the natural environment, but the practice of implementing these concepts into physical realities requires a much deeper and more inherent understanding of what sustainability means f or design, operation, and budget of a project. Designs of longevity thus require an intelligent assimilation and interpretation of cultural trends and the ability to envision how a design might be embraced by future generations. Designs for the BedZed project might appear to have compromised some aesthetic elements in favour of cost and time efficient means of production. Yet these principles are essential to the future of housing design if the demands of the housing market are going to be met. Design thus involves incorporating aspects of the traditional, and the classical, in a new and dynamic housing solution, whereby the traditional principles of an architecture will never disappear from design, but will necessarily adopt a more subtle position in the ideologies of contemporary architects.The potential remains for further research into the construction of more gracious buildings than the BedZed project, but perhaps less expensive than the Seattle library. Sustainability is about finding middle ground between sustainable objectives and availability of resources and the type of budget available. Research has shown that it is possible to construct buildings which can incorporate the fundamental technologies to propitiate sustainability, but remain aesthetically impressive or even monumental in their design. Yet it is important to remember that building with sustainability in mind is still a recent trend, and one that has not yet overridden the non-ecological techniques of mass housing developments which are all too often seen as the easier, cheaper option for local governments. Therefore, sustainable designs remain very much in their infancy and future research will require sustained interest and financial support from both architects and from Governments alike if they are to be incorporated into mainstream architectural