Creation Of Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Creation Of Pakistan - Essay Example On June 23, 1947, the partition of the subcontinent was announced by the British. It was then that the foundation of a new Islamic state named Pakistan was laid. This was considered to be a practical initiation of the creation of a brand new nation, whose values were laid on strong norms and beliefs. Pakistan’s Independence Day is celebrated on August 14 every year. This day is actually considered to be the celebration of the announcement of a country coming into being. The creation of Pakistan was not merely an idea. It, however, came into being when the first Muslim stepped on this piece of land. The independence day of Pakistan is celebrated on a grand scale by its citizens. The whole nation on this particular day shares the spirit of brotherhood, unity, serenity, comradeship and global peace. People must understand that the creation of Pakistan was not lesser than a miracle. It was the creation of the land where religions like Hinduism and Buddhism were rooted for thousand s of years. People didn’t even imagine that it is possible to conquer such a piece of land for the purpose of implementing the principles and teachings of Islam. It was in the 18th century when the people of the Arab countries including the Muslims were contributing their parts to flourish trade between different countries. It was then that the detention of a Muslim lady had been reported to Hajjaj Bin Youssef who was a great Muslim leader. He then sent a nuke youngster almost 17 years old named Muhammad Bin Qasim to invade the land and acclimatize the detained Muslim lady. Muhammad Bin Qasim the great Islamic warrior invaded and defeated Raju Dahir with a limited army and captured the Port of Debal which is now known as Karachi. It was then that the Muslim scholars began to arrive at the subcontinent. This can be considered as a great breakthrough towards the creation of a separate homeland for Muslims.

The Csr Evaluation of Gap Inc. Essay Example for Free

The Csr Evaluation of Gap Inc. Essay The Gap Inc. : The CSR Evaluation of Gap Inc. Outline of the notable ethical decisions made by Gap Inc. and their impacts on the company In 2003, Gap Inc. was sued for its usage of child labor and sweatshop factories in its subsidiary in Saipan. The decision to use child labor and sweatshop in Saipan was made by the management of Gap Inc. that could either be seen as egoism or utilitarianism (Smith, 2004). On one hand, on the egoism perspective, Gap Inc. could have decided to use child and sweatshop labor to cut its costs and maximize its profits. On the other hand, on the utilitarianism perspective, Gap’s decision to use child and sweatshop labor, cruel and ethical as it might seem, provided the people in Saipan a source of employment and income. As a poor, third world country, Saipan could not create enough jobs to sustain the livelihood of all its citizens, so it the citizens could choose between starving to death and making a difficult living in Gap’s sweatshops, the sweatshop is apparently a better option. Hence from the utilitarianism approach, Gap’s unethical behavior was actually better than its doing nothing at all. However, this decision gave Gap an international lawsuit over ethical treatment of labor, which does not cost Gap considerable fortune and energy, but also severely harmed its international reputation as an ethical player in the apparel industry (Smith, 2004). It turned out that the public citizens and the media prefer to use the Kantianism when viewing a corporate ethical issue (Iwanow and McEachem, 2005). After this Saipan sweatshop incident, the stakeholders of Gap Inc. placed huge pressure on the company management (Smith, 2004). As a result, Gap Inc. went through a thorough reflection on business ethics and corporate social responsibilities (CSR). Finally, the company made a decision to shift from the Utilitarianism approach to the Kantianism approach in its business ethics and CSR decisions. The new approach features three key principles, namely the universality, reversibility and respect. First of all, Gap decided to apply the same standard of ethical treatment to its workers whether they work for Gap in the U. S or third world countries. Secondly, under the Code of Vendor Conduct (Gap, 2011), the Gap management has been committed to treat the employees just the way they expect the employees to treat them. Thirdly, Gap decided to treat its partners in the value chain with escalated respect, namely not considering them as a means to an end but rather as vivid means with flesh and bones. This revolution on Gap’s CSR philosophy has ushered the company into the right track of corporate social responsibility. Gap’s change in attitude has been accolade both by its stake holders and the media.

A Rose for Emily Essays -- A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

"A Rose for Emily" is a wonderful short story written by William Faulkner. It begins with at the end of Miss Emily’s life and told from an unknown person who most probably would be the voice of the town. Emily Grierson is a protagonist in this story and the life of her used as an allegory about the changes of a South town in Jefferson after the civil war, early 1900's. Beginning from the title, William Faulkner uses symbolism such as house, Miss Emily as a â€Å"monument â€Å", her hair, Homer Barron, and even Emily’s â€Å"rose† to expresses the passing of time and the changes. The central theme of the story is decay in the town, the house, and in Miss Emily herself. It shows the way in which we all grow old and decay and there is nothing permanent except change. Miss Emily’s house is one of the important symbols which represent the past because it rejects updating like Miss Emily. The â€Å"†¦ house had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street† (209).Then it ages with Emily an â€Å"eyesore among eyesores† (209). She had once been â€Å"a slender figure in white† (211) and later she looks â€Å"bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water... her eyes lost in the fatty ridges of her face...† (210). She represents the Old South by her actions. She avoided to believe that time were changing and did not join the new society. She even does not come out. One example of Emily lives in the past is when she refuses to pay the tax. During Miss Emily’s funeral she referred to another symbol as a â€Å"fallen monument† (209), which could mean she was once beautiful and wealthy but with time she grew old and became poor. Also it port... ... the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair† (215). Considered in above symbols, Faulkner's story gives the idea with the changes of appearances and life of Emily Grierson by the time as an allegory for the changes in the old fashioned Southern ideals after the Civil War. Even though Emily is a strong woman, at the same time she is the victim of her resistance to change of time while the world went on without her and misperception of the people around her. In conclusion, this story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† tells the life, the love, the time, hopes, and destruction of Emily Grierson by using intelligent symbols. Emily never accepts that the changing world around her might be benefiting for her life "The newer generation became the backbone and the spirit of the town" (214), but Emily always in conflict with both her heart and her community, and modern world.

Tisis

The researchers investigated only on the comparison between Zamias and Dolan as to which is the better decontrolling agent. This study concentrated only on the use of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus erasures which is a gram negative and a gram- positive bacteria respectively. Significance of the Study This study will be conducted to determine the Overran blimp (zamias) and Citrus uranium Lain. (Dolan) acidity to be used as an alternative decolonize in Gram Staining. In the world of Medical Technology, practice of repairing smears on a slide is a part of it.The ethanol-alcohol mixture is commonly used as decolonize, but there is a necessary need for finding an alternative decolonize. The need for finding an alternative decolonize will be more environmental friendly. This project is aimed to produce a natural stain decolonize for plant and animal tissues that is inexpensive and whose sources are indigenous, abundant and more efficient way in finding a natural substance that will ma tch the components in the alcohol. Setting of the study The study will be conducted in Centre Escalator University located in Medical, Manila.Centre Escalator University is a private, non-sectarian higher education institution with an enrolment of over 20,000 students in its three campuses; Manila, Magmata, and Mallows. Centre Escalator University was founded on June 3, 1 907 by Library Availing and Carmen De Ulna and was originally called Centre Escalator De Senoritas. The research will be conducted at Centennial Research Laboratory at Conception Caligula Hall and Generous De Leon Science Center at Centre Escalator University. Conceptual framework The Gram stain is the most important and universally used staining technique in the bacteriology laboratory (S.W. Joseph, et. L. 2000). In relation to the study, the researchers decided to make an alternative decolonize for Gram staining with the use of the fruit extract of Zamias and Dolan which is commonly found in the Philippines. The process will include the extraction procedure using a juicer to obtain the extract. The fruit extract of Zamias and Dolan will undergo photochemical property screening. The Gram staining procedure will entail the use of Staphylococcus erasures and Escherichia coli that will serve as test organisms to test the effectiveness of Zamias and Dolan as a decolonize.Definition of terms Antibacterial. Useful in curing or preventing the action of harmful bacteria. Ascorbic acid. Vitamin C that is present in citrus fruits and synthetically manufactured fruits. Decentralization. The process of removing stains or coloring agents. Escherichia coli. Bacterium found in human intestine. Gram staining. It is the procedure in microbiological used to differentiate between gram positive organisms and gram negative organisms. Osmotic pressure. It is the pressure required to prevent the passage of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration of solute.Oxalic acid. Used for ble aching or as a clearing agent. Pedagogical. Polymer that is composed of polysaccharide and peptide chains found in bacterial cell wall. Phylogeny. It is the evolutionary origin and development of a particular group of organism. Photochemical property. Property or chemical components relating to plants. Smear. A preparation of substance for microscopic examination. Staphylococcus erasures Species of non-motile bacteria living on skin and mucous membrane. Sapiens. Any of several naturally occurring water soluble glycoside, able to form a ladder. Susceptible.It is the increase likelihood of being affected by, a physical or mental disease or disorder. CHAPTER 2 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS Overran blimp (Zamias) belongs to the genus Overran, family Oxidative (Babushka et al. , 2013). Other name of Overran bimbo include Creole: bumbling plum, billion ; English: blimp, cucumber tree, tree sorrel ; Filipino: zamias; French : blimp, billion coralberry blimp. Zamias is a small tree, growing 5 to 1 2 meters high with a short trunk dividing into a number of upright branches. Leaves are pinnate, 20 to 60 centimeters long, with hairy archaic and leaflets.Leaflets are opposite, 10 to 70 pairs, oblong, 5 to 10 centimeters in length. Panicle growing from the trunk and larger branches are hairy, 15 centimeters long or less. Flowers are about 1. 5 centimeters long, and slightly fragrant. It bears flowers which are small, fragrant, 5-pedaled, yellowish-green or purple marked with dark purple. Fruit is green and edible, about 4 centimeters long, subliminally, or with 5 obscure, board, rounded, longitudinal lobes (Bras, 2001). The outer skin is glossy, very thin, soft and tender and the flesh is green, jelly-like, juicy and extremely acidic.Young fruits are green in color which turns yellowish as they ripe (Roar et al. , 2009). The blimp is a native of the Mollusks and cultivated throughout Indonesia and semi-wild every. â€Å"here in the Philippines and much grown in Ceylon and Burma. It is commonly found in Brazil, Cuba, Philippines, Sir Lankan, Bangladesh, Manner and Malaysia. In 1793, the blimp was very popular among the Asiatic residents of those countries as it must be in Hawaii. (Babushka, et al. , 2013). Overran fruits are acidic and with high fiber content and are rich sources of vitamin C, antioxidants and are low in fat.Overran fruits are high in minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron and potassium (Babushka et al. 2013). Overran fruits are rich sources of vitamin C, antioxidants and are low in fat. The fruit contains potassium oxalate or high levels of oxalic acid which may be used to remove iron-rust stain from clothes and to impart shine to brassieres. Chemical constituents include amino acids, citric acid, candying-3-O-b-D-glycoside, phenols, potassium ion, sugars, and Vitamin A (Rarity et al. , 2011). Fruit extract yield flavorings, sapiens ND torpedoing. Bark yields alkaloids, sapiens, and flavorings.The oxalic acid in blimp range between 10. 5 and 14. OMG/g in green fruit and 8. 45 to 10. MGM/g in ripe fruit, levels comparable to those reported from tea leaves. Because of high oxalic acid content, fruit used to remove stains from clothing and for washing hands, removing rust and stains from metal blades. Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E. Coli, S. Typhoid, S. erasures and B. Cereus. It can also be used as a dietary ingredient to treat hyperglycemia and a potential source for the isolation of active principle for cancer therapy. It is also a potential source of intolerability drug.The activity may be caused by either or both of the steroidal glycoside and potassium oxalate constituents. Babushka, et al. , 201 3) Dolan (Citrus uranium), belongs to the family Reeducate, it is a small, erect tree with smooth, greenish white shots with spine-scent thorns. It is an aromatic variety of citrus that produces highly bitter, acidic fruits. Leaves are oblong to supplicate, 10 centimeters long by about 4 centimeters w ide Petiole is narrowly winged. Flowers are white, bisexual, solitary or few clustered, smooth and growing from the upper most leaf axial.Fruit is nearly spherical, 5-9 centimeters in diameter ad annihilate or not, the skin is orange-red and tight; partition inside with yellowish juice sacks. Taste is usually sweet occasionally sour. Citrus uranium extracted and primary parasitological constituent p-synergies are extensively used in weight management products and as thermometric agents. It is also known as â€Å"chi-shih† or â€Å"Chi shih† in traditional Chinese medicine. (Hung, et al. , 2011) The most important biological active constituents of the C. uranium fruits are phenylalanine alkaloids, activation, synergies, trainee, N- antihistamine and hardening.Aperitif, aromatic, stomach, tonic, astringent, mildly criminate, colleague, antibacterial, antithetic, untangling, antispasmodic, unintuitive, diaphragmatic, digestive, unmanaged, stimulant, vermiform. Dried rind is considered aromatic, stomach, tonic, astringent, and mildly criminate. It is rich in vitamin C, flavorings and volatile oil. Citrus flavorings have potential antioxidant, anti-aging anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activity, and cholesterol lowering potential. Bitter orange has a complex chemical make-up. It is perhaps most known for the volatile oil in the peel.It gives bitter orange its strong odor and flavor which account for its medical effects. Today, bitter orange is used pharmaceutical, cosmetics ND soaps. As a dietary supplement, this herb has been used to stimulate appetite, treat ringworm-type infections, relieves stomach upset and aid insomnia. Both the fruit and peel of this herb are typically included in over the counter nasal decongestants and weight loss products. It has also been used in applications such as indigestion, constipation and support of easing inflammation due to skin bruising and muscle pains.This herb has documented positive entropic effects , showing improvements to blood circulation through the heart and cerebral tissues due to its amine content. Gottfried, 201 0) According to Succumbing the juice of the fruit is used in removing ink stains from clothes and for washing the hair of women and can be used for bleaching freckles and as a cheap remedy for itching acne vulgarism and purists vulvae. Escherichia coli is a gram negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacillus that is commonly found in the human colon and is part of its normal flora and was found by Theodore Escherichia, a German bacteriologist in 1885.E. Coli possess adhesive familiar and a cell wall that consists of an outer membrane containing alphanumerically, a periphrasis space with a pathological layer, and an inner, cytoplasm membrane. Some strains are palliated and capable of accepting and transferring plasmid to and from other bacteria. Such property enables E. Coli under bad/stress conditions to survive. They grow best at ICC and when cultured in an Eosin Methyl Blue (EMBED) culture media, it will exhibit colonies with distinct greenish-metallic sheen.When stained with Gram Stain, it will appear purple under the microscope because its cell wall's composition prevented the loss of the primary stain when decolonize and it prevented the entry of the secondary stain. Mammon, 201 1) Staphylococcus erasures is a gram positive, cuscus that is commonly found in human respiratory tract. S. erasures colonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales, including the skin, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. It was found by Rosenberg in 1884 as yellow colonies on a culture media. Toward,2012) The cell wall envelope of S. erasures is a complex protective surface organelle, composed of pedagogical, proteins, polysaccharides and secondary wall polymers. On blood agar plates, colonies of S. erasures are frequently rounded by zones of clear beta-hemolytic. The golden appearance of colonies of some strains is the etymological root of the bacteria's name; erasures meaning â€Å"golden† in Latin. When stained with Gram Stain, it will only retain the secondary stain because its cell wall is thin causing easy decentralization of the bacteria.

A Brief History of the Jews of Brazil Essay

The history of Jews in Brazil is a unique case, because we do not know of many other countries in which they have been significantly present in the very first movements of that nationrsquos history, continuously participating in its economic and social development. In fact, since the ldquodiscoveryldquo of Brazil to the present time, the Jews, almost without interval, openly or disguised, have been integrated into the processes of formation of Brazilian nationality. My aim in this paper is to provide a summary of Jewish history in Brazil by highlighting four major historical periods The First Portuguese Period (1500-1630) The Dutch Period (1630 -1654) The Second Portuguese Period (1654-1822) and The Cosmopolitan Period (1822-1966). br / The First Portuguese Period (1500-1630)br / ?When Portugal was at the height of its expansion in the world, in 1500, Brazil was ldquodiscoveredrdquo by the kingdom. It was then simply military glory, coupled with the desire to enlarge the Catholic faith, that compelled the Portuguese to their grand maritime expeditions (Grinberg 15). But just these reasons alone would not have sufficed to promote the extraordinary expansion of Portugal. The great cycle of the Portuguese conquests would not have been achieved without the long period of scientific discoveries and improvements that preceded it, in which the Iberian Jews played such a key role. As a prime example of this involvement, in Henry the Navigatorrsquos quotNautical School of Sagresquot, the first Portuguese academy of navigation(founded in 1412), was employed one of the most famous cartographers of the fifteenth century, the Jewish Yehuda Cresques, whose main task was to teach Portuguese pilots the basics of navigation well as the production and handling of nautical instruments (Serebrenick and Lipiner 7). br / ?The Jewish contribution to the discovery of new routes and new lands to the Portuguese crown was not limited only to the scientific field, however, but also translated into direct participation in these dangerous travels, including the expedition that resulted in the discovery of Brazil. The fleet led by Pedro Alvares Cabral, included at least three Jewish advisers the astronomer Master John, Pedro Nunes the navigator, and Gaspar de Lemos, an interpreter and ship commander, rightly regarded by historians as partly responsible for the discovery of Brazil (Serebrenick and Lipiner 9). br / ?With increasing incentives of the Portuguese government towards the occupation and settlement of the Brazilian territory, more and more Iberic Jews began migrating to Brazil. Because the wealthier Portuguese and Spanish Jews sustained a lot of the territoryrsquos early economic progress, they were able enjoy considerable freedom of worship and custom (Grinberg 21). This panorama of tolerance contrasted sharply with the wave of hatred and discrimination that swept Portugal, where, like neighboring Spain, persecution was widespread. It is thus understandable that many Jews of 1 / 3 Portugal, affected by overwhelming religious persecution, felt compelled to try a new life in Brazil,which to them seemed like a safe haven where they could materialize their aspirations for peace and freedom. br / ? The Jewish community, thanks to strong immigration and natural growth, reached a reasonable proportion in comparison with the general population, enough to counter the risk of assimilation. Around 1570, however, things took a turn for the worse, as there began to appear signs of restrictions on freedom, which only grew with time (Serebrenick and Lipiner 12). The circumstances soon forced the Jews to return, much like those in the motherland, to a life of great caution and alertness. The first official manifestation of intolerance was found in 1573 in the city of Salvador, which installed an auto-de-fe. Paradoxically, but perhaps on purpose, the first victim was not a Jew, but a Frenchman who was accused of heresy, condemned and burned alive. In Bahia, the Inquisition remained (though inactive for many years) until 1593 (Grinberg 29). br /?In 1618, Bahia was the target of a new visitation of the Holy Office, during which time many Marranos were reported and pursued, among them many wealthy men of the sugar mills. This fact that prompted the first large wave of immigration of Jews within Brazil they left the Northeast in search of the more tolerant South, especially the captaincy of Satildeo Vicente (Satildeo Paulo), which was the most liberal region (Serebrenick and Lipiner 15). Because of the growing persecution of Jews in Portugal in the last decades of the sixteenth century, they began to emigrate not only to Brazil but also, inlarge numbers, to several countries of Western Europe, especially to Holland, where flourishing trade and religious tolerance prevailed (Grinberg 32). This allowed for the rapid formation of a large Jewish community, centered in the city of Amsterdam, rightly nicknamed the quotNew Jerusalemquot. The simultaneous emigration of Portuguese Jews to Brazil and the Netherlands, led to the establishment of a commercial and affective link between the Jews of Brazil and those of Holland (Serebrenick and Lipiner 15). br / The Dutch Period (1630-1654)br / ?The hope of the Brazilian Jews that their lot would improve due to some form of Dutch intervention did not fail. Through a series of attempts at the conquest of the Brazilian Northeast in the years 1624 to 1627, the Dutch finally succeeded on February 15, 1630. The city of Pernambuco was attacked by a powerful fleet of 70 ships, effectively beginning the occupation of the Northeast, which would last until 1654. The years of peaceful Dutch rule were few, but enough to enable the Jews to rapidly flourish economically, socially and culturally, building in Northeast Brazil one of the most thriving communities of the time (Grinberg 35). br / ?With the advent of the Dutch and the consequent deployment of a great religious tolerance, the landscape was changing. Uninterrupted waves of Jews flocked to Pernambuco from several countries, especially from Holland, bringing commercial experience and a wonderful spirit of achievement. These Jews from the Netherlands ndash who were largely former refugees from Portugal,Spain and France – had the further advantage of speaking several languages Spanish, French, Ladino, Dutch, besides the most important, Portuguese, which was the language spoken in Brazil (Grinberg 35). A great number of them served as interpreters for the thousands of men in the Dutch army and navy, consisting of mercenaries – Dutch, English, French, German, Polish and others – who did not speak Portuguese. From simple interpreters, they increasingly became businessmen, merchants and landowners, coming to, in effect, virtually control the economic life of Brazilrsquos New Holland. The main street of Recife (in Pernambuco) was known as quotStreet of the Jewsquot and the port was called quotpier of the Jewsquot (Serebrenick and Lipiner 17). br /. The Second Portuguese Period (1654-1822)br / ?With the fall of Recife and subsequent surrender of the Dutch, the Jewish community in northeastern Brazil became largely scattered. A small portion of the people resigned to staying in the country, dispersing through its territory, while the majority opted for emigration. Of these, one group – consisting of the richest and probably most connected in the Netherlands – decided to return to Holland, while most preferred to face the unknown, venturing into more distant stops throughout 2 / 3 the Americas – Guyana, West Indies and New Netherlands in the United States. Numerous Jewish settlements began to appear to the North, one of which would eventually lead to the extraordinary Jewish community of the United States of America (Grinberg 52). In North America, a group of 23 Jewswho left Recife immediately after its fall, camped on September 12, 1654, on the margins of the Hudson, in the village of New Amsterdam (now New York). br / ?As already mentioned, the exodus that took place after the expulsion of the Dutch did not cover the entire Jewish population of Northeast Brazil, since a good number of Marranos resolved to remain on the land they had learned to love. These remaining Jews eventually were able to peacefully spread throughout Brazil, including in areas of the Northeast itself, minimizing the appearance of their Jewish origin (Serebrenick and Lipiner 23). Unfortunately, the flames of persecution were to be once again fanned by the Inquisition. This new wave of terror unfolded for about 70 years, especially violent in the periods 1707 to 1711 and from 1729 to 1739, making the first half of the seventeenth century perhaps the darkest period of Jewish history in Brazil (Serebrenick and Lipiner 26). Only after 1770 would the conditions come to place that would forever eradicate the cancer of the Inquisition. To this day no one knows for sure how many Jews from Brazil fell victim to the Portuguese Inquisition. br / The Cosmopolitan Period (1822-1966)br / ?Once the country was made independent from the Portuguese crown, in 1822, full freedom of conscience was established. In the second half of the century, Jews from various countries of Western Europe – French, English, Austrians and Germans ndash began to come in force to Rio de Janeiro and its neighboring states, especially in Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais(Serebrenick and Lipiner 31). Another large group emigrated from Morocco to the Amazon region. The two settlements – the Amazon region and Rio de Janeiro – did not seem keep any significant relations and had, moreover, some different characteristics (Grinberg 61). The Amazon community was more stable, while in the South, the Jews originating in Western Europe came in order to flourish and then return to their country of origin, although many would end up staying in Brazil (Grinberg 61). br / ?In the last decade of the nineteenth century Jewish immigration grew, multiplying the diversity in countries of origin and also the in regions where immigrants came to settle. Whereas until then the Jewish immigrants came almost exclusively from North Africa and Western Europe, now there were waves of Jewish immigrants from the Eastern Mediterranean – Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine – as well as Russia and neighboring countries. These settled mostly in the Southeast (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais), but also spread out in smaller groups to many other states, both to the South and Northeast. br / ?Though the scope has been very limited and many details necessarily left out, I have sought to give a brief account of Jewish life in Brazilian history. The history of Jews in Brazil is a long and honorable history, dotted undoubtedly suffering, but also full of success, translated into positive and fundamental contributions to the development of the country and the training of its people ndash and that history that is still being written. /body /html POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Common Mistakes E.g. vs. I.e. - Proofread My Paper

Common Mistakes E.g. vs. I.e. - Proofread My Paper Common Mistakes: E.g. vs. I.e. Many people treat â€Å"e.g.† and â€Å"i.e.† as interchangeable, recklessly overlooking that they’re in fact abbreviations of completely different Latin terms. You should therefore try to avoid confusing them, especially in academic or other formal writing, where even minor errors can leave a poor impression on your reader. This post looks at what â€Å"e.g.† and â€Å"i.e.† actually mean, as well as how to use them in your work. â€Å"E.g.† (exempli gratia) The abbreviation â€Å"e.g.† stands for â€Å"exempli gratia,† which literally translates as â€Å"for the sake of example† or simply â€Å"for example.† As this might suggest, we use â€Å"e.g.† when introducing an example: I am a big fan of fruit: e.g., apples, bananas and pears. There are many forms of popular music (e.g., pop, rock, soul and hip-hop). Moreover, â€Å"e.g.† is only used to introduce one or more examples of something, not a complete list of everything that falls within the category. â€Å"I.e.† (id est) The term â€Å"i.e.† is an abbreviation of the phrase â€Å"id est,† meaning â€Å"that is,† another way of saying â€Å"in other words.† As such, we should only use â€Å"i.e.† to introduce an explanation or clarification of something (not an example): I have a terrible migraine: i.e., a very severe headache. Here, the information following â€Å"i.e.† is a clarification of what a â€Å"terrible migraine† is. As well as providing additional detail, â€Å"i.e.† can also be used to explicate the members of a group or category: The Three Stooges (i.e., Moe, Larry and Curly) were most popular in the mid-twentieth century. This differs from using â€Å"e.g.† at the start of a list, as the idea is to identify all members of the group, not to introduce an example. â€Å"E.g.† or â€Å"i.e.†? Hopefully, now that you know what these abbreviations mean, you’ll have a clearer idea of how to use them. However, if you’re still unsure, heres a rule of thumb to help: E.g. starts with an â€Å"e† just like â€Å"example,† so â€Å"e.g.â€Å" is used when introducing an example I.e. starts with an â€Å"i† just like â€Å"in other words,† so â€Å"i.e.† is used when introducing a clarification

The Story of Bonnie and Clyde by Bonnie Parker

The Story of Bonnie and Clyde by Bonnie Parker Bonnie and Clyde were legendary and historic outlaws who robbed banks and killed people. The authorities saw the couple as dangerous criminals, while the public viewed Bonnie and Clyde as modern-day Robin Hoods. The couples legend was in part helped along by Bonnies poems: The Story of Bonnie and Clyde, and The Story of Suicide Sal. Bonnie Parker wrote the poems in the middle of their 1934 crime spree, while she and Clyde Barrow were on the run from the law. This poem, The Story of Bonnie and Clyde, was the last one she wrote, and the legend reports that Bonnie gave a copy of the poem to her mother just weeks before the couple was gunned down. Bonnie and Clyde as Social Bandits Parkers poem is part of a long-established outlaw-folk hero tradition, what British historian Eric Hobsbawm called social bandits. The social bandit/outlaw-hero is a peoples champion who adheres to a higher law and defies the established authority of his time. The idea of a social bandit is a nearly universal social phenomenon found throughout history, and ballads and legends of them share a long set of characteristics. The main feature shared by ballads and legends around such historical figures as Jesse James, Sam Bass, Billy the Kid, and Pretty Boy Floyd is the enormous amount of distortion of the known facts. That distortion enables the transition of a violent criminal into a folk hero. In all cases, the peoples champion story the people need to hear is more important than the facts- during the Great Depression, the public needed reassurance that there were people working against a government perceived as callous to their predicament. The voice of the Depression, American balladeer Woody Guthrie, wrote just such a ballad about Pretty Boy Floyd after Floyd was killed six months after Bonnie and Clyde died. Curiously, many of the ballads, like Bonnies, also use the metaphor of the pen is mightier than the sword, stating that what newspapers have written about the bandit hero is false, but that the truth can be found written in their legends and ballads. 12 Characteristics of the Social Outlaw American historian Richard Meyer identified 12 characteristics that are common to social outlaw stories. Not all of them appear in every story, but many of them come from older ancient legends- tricksters, champions of the oppressed, and ancient betrayals. The social bandit hero is a man of the people who stands in opposition to certain established, oppressive economic, civil, and legal systems. He is a champion who wouldnt harm the little man.His first crime is brought about through extreme provocation by agents of the oppressive system.He steals from the rich and gives to the poor, serving as one who rights wrongs. (Robin Hood, Zorro)Despite his reputation, he is good-natured, kind-hearted, and frequently pious.His criminal exploits are audacious and daring.He frequently outwits and confounds his opponents by trickery, often expressed humorously. (Trickster)He is helped, supported, and admired by his own people.The authorities cant catch him through conventional means.His death is only brought about by the betrayal by a former friend. (Judas)His death provokes great mourning on the part of his people.After he dies, the hero manages to live on in a number of ways: stories say that he is not really dead, or that his ghost or spirit con tinues to help and inspire people. His actions and deeds may not always gain approval or admiration, but rather are sometimes decried in the ballads as mildly stated criticism to outright condemnation and refutation of all the other 11 elements. Bonnie Parkers Social Outlaw True to the form, in The Story of Bonnie and Clyde, Parker cements their image as social bandits. Clyde used to be honest and upright and clean, and she reports that he was locked up unjustly. The couple has supporters in the regular people like newsboys, and she foretells that the law will beat them in the end. Like most of us, Parker had heard ballads and legends of lost heroes as a child. She even references Jesse James in the first stanza. What is interesting about her poems is that we see her actively spinning their criminal history into a legend. The Story of Bonnie and ClydeYouve read the story of Jesse JamesOf how he lived and died;If youre still in needOf something to read,Heres the story of Bonnie and Clyde. Now Bonnie and Clyde are the Barrow gang,Im sure you all have readHow they rob and stealAnd those who squealAre usually found dying or dead. Theres lots of untruths to these write-ups;Theyre not so ruthless as that;Their nature is raw;They hate all the lawThe stool pigeons, spotters, and rats. They call them cold-blooded killers;They say they are heartless and mean;But I say this with pride,That I once knew ClydeWhen he was honest and upright and clean. But the laws fooled around,Kept taking him downAnd locking him up in a cell,Till he said to me,Ill never be free,So Ill meet a few of them in hell. The road was so dimly lighted;There were no highway signs to guide;But they made up their mindsIf all roads were blind,They wouldnt give up till they died. The road gets dimmer and dimmer;Sometimes you can hardly see;But its fight, man to man,And do all you can,For they know they can never be free. From heart-break some people have suffered;From weariness some people have died;But take it all in all,Our troubles are smallTill we get like Bonnie and Clyde. If a policeman is killed in Dallas,And they have no clue or guide;If they cant find a fiend,They just wipe their slate cleanAnd hand it on Bonnie and Clyde. Theres two crimes committed in AmericaNot accredited to the Barrow mob;They had no handIn the kidnap demand,Nor the Kansas City depot job. A newsboy once said to his buddy;I wish old Clyde would get jumped;In these awful hard timesWed make a few dimesIf five or six cops would get bumped. The police havent got the report yet,But Clyde called me up today;He said, Dont start any fightsWe arent working nightsWere joining the NRA. From Irving to West Dallas viaductIs known as the Great Divide,Where the women are kin,And the men are men,And they wont stool on Bonnie and Clyde. If they try to act like citizensAnd rent them a nice little flat,About the third nightTheyre invited to fightBy a sub-guns rat-tat-tat. They dont think theyre too tough or desperate,They know that the law always wins;Theyve been shot at before,But they do not ignoreThat death is the wages of sin. Some day theyll go down together;And theyll bury them side by side;To few itll be griefTo the law a reliefBut its death for Bonnie and Clyde. - Bonnie Parker 1934 Sources Hobsbawm, Eric. Bandits. Orion, 2010.Lundblad, Bonnie Jo. The Rebel-Victim: Past and Present. The English Journal 60.6 (1971): 763–66.Meyer, Richard E. The Outlaw: A Distinctive American Folktype. Journal of the Folklore Institute 17.2/3 (1980): 94–124.Muecke, Stephen, Alan Rumsey, and Banjo Wirrunmarra. Pigeon the Outlaw: History as Texts. Aboriginal History 9.1/2 (1985): 81–100.Roberts, John W. Railroad Bill and the American Outlaw Tradition. Western Folklore 40.4 (1981): 315–28.Seal, Graham. The Robin Hood Principle: Folklore, History, and the Social Bandit. Journal of Folklore Research 46.1 (2009): 67–89.

How to End a Story 3 Tips and Tricks From Professional Editors

How to End a Story 3 Tips and Tricks From Professional Editors How to End a Story: Tips from Top Editors Whether you have the final scenes of your book worked out from the moment you put pen to paper or it comes to you somewhere along the way, there’s one thing every author needs to master to leave a lasting impression on readers: how to end a story.Writing the ending can be a source of anxiety for a lot of authors. After all, you don’t want to finish a great story with a weak ending and disappoint your readers. To help you determine how to effectively bring your novel to a close, this post will cover six popular types of story endings in literature, and provide tips from top professional editors on how to get yours just right. Six Ways to End a StoryThe ending of a story has the biggest impact on how readers will remember your book in years to come. If they are dissatisfied at the closing of the final chapter, they won’t be likely to read it again or recommend it to others. While the start of your story might convince people to read your book in the first place, how you end your story is what will determine whether or not they turn from a reader into a fan.The most effective type of ending for your book will depend on a few things, such as:genre,story structure,target audience, andwhat you want readers to take from your book.With that in mind, let’s look at a few different ways to end a story. Six different ways to end a story. What are they? 1. Resolved Ending I am hunted by humans.Instead of going into great detail, Zusak uses short chapters that feel more like sneak peeks into her life. Additionally, it serves the purpose of joining Liesel, the main character, with the narrator, Death, and allowing them to have a conversation on more equal terms.When might you use an expanded ending? If you need to tie up loose ends but were not able to do it within the actual story, then this is the ending for you. However, it should not take the place of a traditional ending or be used to compensate for a weak ending. Instead, it should give further insight into the characters and give resolution to the readers.Now that we’ve covered six popular methods for writing your story’s denouement, let’s cover a few tips to ensure that it leaves a lasting impression.3 tips on how to end a storyWriting the end of a story is a tricky but essential part of your writing process. We turned to our top professional editors for tips to help you wri te yours. We asked our editors: "how do you end a story?" Here is what they said 1. Completion goes hand-in-hand with hopeLiterary agent Estelle Laure explains that a great ending is one that gives the reader both a feeling of completion and hope: â€Å"You have to assume the character has gone through hell, so let them see something beautiful about the world that allows them to take a breath and step into the next adventure. Even your ending should leave your reader dying for more. They should close the book with a sigh, and that’s the best way I know how to get there. This is, after all, a cruel but wondrous life.†2. Make sure it’s really finishedTo create a satisfying ending, end your book with purpose.As Publishing Director of Endeavor Media, Jasmin Kirkbride’s biggest tip is to make sure you follow the rule of Chekhov’s Gun: â€Å"Every subplot and all the different strands of your main plot should reach satisfying, clear conclusions. If they are meant to be left ambiguously, ensure your reader knows this, and create somet hing out of that uncertainty.†3. Come full circleEditor Jenn Bailey says that a good ending brings the book’s internal and external story arcs to a rational conclusion: â€Å"You need to come full circle. You need to end where you began. You need to take the truth your main character believed in the beginning of the story and expose it as the lie that it is by the end. In your ending, the main character doesn’t have to get what they want, but they do have to get what they need.†As we have seen, there are many methods for how to end a story! However you decide to finish your novel, there is one thing that you should always keep in mind: take account of the story that came before and give it the ending that it needs, not the one you think readers want, and it will be satisfactory for all.What is your favorite way to end a story? Or do you have a favorite closing passage? Tell us in the comments below!

Managerial Effectiveness and its impact on organization Dissertation

Managerial Effectiveness and its impact on organization - Dissertation Example Thus, managers should be highly capable of responding to various role expectations and behaviours for them to accomplish managerial effectiveness (MacMahon and Murphy, 1999). Change is a permanent feature of most of the workplaces. The occurrence of change has become a great challenge for companies in achieving long-term success and survival, thus, the need for highly capable and competent managers. To efficiently and effectively select managers who are competent enough to face organizational issues can be one of the most important measures that a company can take in response to changing environment. This may be carried out by continuously enhancing their skills and knowledge to keep up with the rapid pace of change (Martynov, 2010). Essentially, while organizations ensure that the most competent employees are recruited and trained, developmental efforts are constantly done to further enhance the effectiveness and overall quality of their managerial workforce. Managerial effectivenes s has been described through various perspectives during the past years as many have attempted to generate a single definition for this concept. Background of the Study In the hotel industry, successful managers possess a wide range of skills together with specialized knowledge, all of which are directed towards accomplishing enterprise objectives. Various studies have reported that managers who work in the hotel industry should demonstrate an appropriate attitude and be aware of hospitality systems; completely understand service quality; be capable of evaluating the quality of work to continuously provide satisfactory services; be able to create a dynamic work environment; establish open and strong interpersonal communications with other organizational members; be capable of assessing situations and developing cost-effective strategies to increase profits; control ambiguous circumstances, and effectively manage operations (Soehanovic, Zougaj, Krizoman, and Glavica, 2000). Generally , hotel managers are expected to create favourable relationships with employees and guests while running productive operations and achieving organizational goals. The current study, therefore, focuses on the necessary skills and behaviours of managers in the hotel industry in order to accomplish managerial effectiveness and lead their businesses to success. The framework applied in the work of Chauhan, Dhar, and Pathak (2005), emphasizing managerial effectiveness through functional and personal effectiveness, will be used in the current research. Problem Statement The research will focus on studying the managers working in the hotel and the real estate industry to observe, analyze and make recommendations in relation to the most viable and suitable style of managing organizational concerns. In ever-changing work environment due to several internal and external factors, it is of utmost necessity that the managers be flexible and patient in dealing with the workforce and making sure t hat the organizational vision and objectives are successfully achieved. The Problem Statement that will be explored in the context of this study will be as follows: What styles and practices should the managers working in the Hotel and real estate industry adapt so that level of employees’ performance can be enhanced? Research Questions On the basis of above mentioned research topic some research questions will be formulated and worked upon. In the entire research, an attempt is

Political Consensus Decision-Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Consensus Decision-Making - Essay Example Perhaps the most notable instance this mode of political consensus has been implemented is in wartime situations. Within the United Kingdom the 20th century witnessed a major instance of wartime consensus proceeding World War II where it’s argued that consensus politics culminated in the Labour party’s victory. This essay considers that the idea of a wartime consensus culminating in Labour’s election victory fades the closer you get to it. The popular perspective had considered that following World War II the political situation in Britain was such that an overwhelming consensus resulted in the election of the Labour Party. Recognition of this perspective takes into account historical perspectives on the Labour Party. While the Labour Party has been in existence since the early years of the 20th century they assumed great control during the period surrounding World War II. In 1940 the Labour Party returned to government as a part of the wartime coalition; during this period Clement Attlee was appointed the Lord Privy Seal (Pimlott 1994, p. 225). Following the end of the war, the Labour Party contested the 1945 general election and won a large-scale victory. Clement Attlee then assumed control and one of the most radical government’s in British history was instituted. It is this victory that many have contested was the result of wartime consensus. ... mplements a number of notions within this spectrum of investigation, perhaps the central thorough-put of his argument is the contention that rather than constituting an actual consensus, this notion has been constructed by individuals attempting to establish a mythic ‘golden age’ of British history. As noted, this perspective has been embraced by a large number of theorists (Rollings 1994; Kelly 2002; Ellison 1994). The broad spectrums of these theoretical perspectives have considered a variety of ideological differences that occurred between the main political parties during this period. Rather than constituting a golden age of consensus politics, Pimlott (1994, p. 231) notes that there was considerable Conservative hostility towards universal welfare benefits. Kelly (2002, p. 21) considers that in 1956 Anthony Crosland made a large-scale plea for the left to oppose conservative ideas; this is believed to demonstrate a general lack of qualitative accord among political perspectives during this period. Pimlott has extended the situation through metaphorical notions. He states (1988, p. 232), â€Å"sandbagged in their electoral trenches, early postwar voters can be seen as the anonymous infantry of two implacably opposed armies in an era of adversarial politics, with the middle-way Liberals floundering in no man’s land.† To a large degree what Pimlott has established with these notions is a mode of myth-making that seemingly implements higher degrees of fact-based understanding. While Pimlott’s perspectives have gained widespread support there also exists a strong contingent of theorists who hold to the consensus perspective (Kavanagh 1994; Addison 1992). Paul Addison is the theorist perhaps most identified with consensus notions of post-war politics (Addison

How can usability improve the mobile-commerce channels Coursework

How can usability improve the mobile-commerce channels - Coursework Example Many people are using mobile phones for commercial purposes such as internet shopping. The fact that a great portion of the world population uses mobile phones has made mobile commerce a very useful technology which is worth developing. The launch of smart phones has also made this technology popular by moving it from systems that use SMS to those that use actual applications. This paper will discuss analyze the issue on the basis of different mobile commerce channels, which are business domains where mobile commerce has been implemented. Mobile ticketing: With mobile commerce in wide use, one of the benefits is mobile ticketing. One can attain a device such as a mobile phone. The process, in countries where it is applicable, has been made possible for those customers with mobile phones that can access the web they get their tickets online. It is still possible for mobile users who use gadgets that cannot access the web. SMS and MMS are used. A company may, for example, be using SIM (subscriber identity mobile) tool kit or USSD to give a purchase menu. A subscriber identity mobile kit is a platform that utilizes use of RF (radio frequencies. According to computer science and its application, CSA 2012, by Sang-Soo Yeo and others, a security chip is used. It receives instructions from the user and if the frequency is to be transmitted back to the SIM card, it is transmitted to the phone. If there is information to be processed, it is transmitted to the security chip, worked on and result forwarded automatically to the SIM that was used to request the service. For this case our expected result could is a ticket. The ticket comes as a secured message, either SMS or MMS image. The customer will enter their specifications here from choices given and send their request to the company’s server. If the customer has enough credit in an account linked to the mobile number, the server will be able to deduct an exact amount to the value of the ticket purchased, and t hen automatically send a confirmation text message to the customer. The confirmation SMS entails details of the product bought, for this case the ticket specifications, the date and time of purchase, and a unique code that identifies the ticket and can be manually entered. This is for a phone that is only SMS enabled and cannot execute MMS or WAP outputs. If mms or can output barcode images, a ticket recognition image is sent alongside the confirmation text message. With these considerations of type of phone used, usability, being the ease of use, is enhanced. Reading MMS or SMS is a very easy task. It is also easy during initial purchasing since the USSD code guide the users by giving options. In the future, there should be assistive technology for people with various disability problems. With better accessibility by all, the idea will have an expanded market. Lessons on the website on how to use this service should be easy to access. According to world statistics, done by Jupiter Research, mobile ticketing has been used in purchase of bus tickets, railway transport tickets, and movie and entertainment tickets. In March 2011, 250 million people were purchasing this tickets using mobile. It was estimated that by the year 2015 750 million people will be able to purchase tickets on mobile. MOBILE MONEY TRANSFER: Mobile banking is a growing field worldwide. It is a surprise

B 777 Design and Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

B 777 Design and Development - Research Paper Example Aside from many technical innovations that have done, 777 recognize its uniqueness in the design and the effort. Boeing 777 is pre-assembled and the first 100% digitally designed. It was built in the concept of â€Å"Working Together† and this philosophy made it possible for the company to make 240 designs. The whole team comprises the design team, manufacturing, and the supplier personnel. Building which includes the designing of a new commercial jet liner takes a lot of time and patience. The process take around five years or more than and sometimes even decades. It is very important that this kind of project be documented especially if the specific project is the first of its kind. Outlines Abstract Issues Innovations 777-200LR 777-300ER Decisions about 777 Characteristics and Variants of 777 Deliveries of 777 Accidents of 777 Productions Financial Analysis Final Analysis References Background Model 777 is the first jetliner for more than a decade among the Boeing airplane to be designed using three-dimensional graphics digitally in the computer. An investment of 10$ billion in the development of the 777 is spend by the company. In October 1990, the 777 program was launched through the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. frank Shorts. From the beginning order of the United Airlines, in June 1995, United Airlines flew its first ever 777 profit service. The demand of the market determines 777 as the newest member of the twin-aisle family of Boeing. Features in the design of the airplane was offered like approaches to the development of the airlines and innovations which sets the quality standard of the value in the airlines delivery. The 777-300 authorize production by the Boeing Board of Directors is on June 26, 1995. It was July 1998 when the first delivery materialized to Cathay Pacific Airways in June 1998. Issues: Understand and learn from the designs and facts along the processes in the making Boeing 777. To have the knowledge and deeper understanding ab out the importance and profits of mutual designing in the group effort of many big companies in the process of the aircraft manufacturing. To have a deeper knowledge and appreciation on how modern technologies have been used in the making of Boeing 777. To get an understanding of the beneficial and amazing features of Boeing 777. Innovations The 777 has made improvement in its Interior flexibility, flight plan, distinguish design, airfoil technology and considered as the most spacious and the widest among its class. Its larger shipment and range capacity resulted to lesser operating expenses to airlines. The Boeing 777 is smaller comparing to the 747 nut it is much bigger comparing to either twin jet or even trijet in its class. The 777 aircraft is a double engine, economically advantageous to the medium and in the long-range markets. Some amazing features the 777 is offering in the 1990s are highly develop complex emppenage, advance and considered as the most powerful engines produ ced and used in a commercial airplane, an aerodynamically competent airfoil wing, joint digital data bus originally built for use of the 777, and the fly-by-wire (Global Secutity.org 2009). 777-200LR Pakistan International Airlines built the first 777_200LR (Long Range). When the 777-200LR, the C-marke2 model, entered the service in 2006 is the longest-range commercial airliner in the world. The aircraft is called by Boeing the world liner in

Global Socities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Socities - Essay Example However the real winners are the citizens themselves – more so because it is because of them that the mayors and legislators receive these prizes. Societal relationships the world over are regarded as pertinent since these form the basis of growth and interaction amongst people. The aspect of people-to-people contact is important because they form their own communities and yet live within the domains of the society of which they are an essential part of. Being good citizens of a society means so much more, rather than mere residents within the different locales. (Saul, 2002) It is a wholly different ideology – and one that needs proper understanding by the people who activate the citizens in a positive manner. A perfect society is one in which the citizens are actively geared to reach out to each other, help the fabric of the society and in essence carve out a niche for meeting their own problems on a proactive basis. (Lipschutz, 2001) Similarly, justice and its application is an important ingredient within the active domains of citizenship. It is not only about being fair but it also holds a great deal of importance on being fair and timely. (Stoddart, 2007) It is a true saying that justice delayed is justice denied; for this reason justice takes both these things when it is defined in the truest sense of the word. Justice is radically associated with the mighty men – the rulers and the ones who govern a particular area or a regiment of soldiers. The concepts of civil rights and of civil law are both functions of the concept of civil society whereby it is that bubble of private action free of government control. (Spiro, 1999) It is not free of government action, because government action secures the nature of civil society by the protection of persons against criminal wrongs. The essence of civil society is thus that people are left by government to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, while the government protects the

Methods of communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods of communication - Essay Example As for culture, this has been characterized as ‘a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms of behavior; it refers to coherent groups of people whether resident wholly or partly within state territories or existing without residence in any particular territory’. In accordance with the above definition, culture can be a severe obstacle to communication in case that the attitudes or the values of the people involved are different. The elimination of this differentiation is a task that requires a significant amount of time and intensive effort by the interested parties – with no guarantee that the relevant attempt will be successful. In fact the study of Lalonde et al. showed that there are ‘predicted differences in beliefs about PC between members of social groups based on gender ideology and sexual orientation while more conservative views (e.g. right-wing authoritarianism, modem prejudice) would be associated with a belief in a PC movement and endorsement of a PC crusader stereotype’. In other words, political correctness is very likely to operate as a barrier to communication attempts – though this assumption could be more applicable when referring to groups than to individuals. In the same way, personal tendencies can be a barrier to communication especially under the influence of the following circumstances: a) a negative event of the past leads the person to avoid communication, b) the person’s environment (family, school) does not promote communication and so on.

Global Socities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Socities - Essay Example However the real winners are the citizens themselves – more so because it is because of them that the mayors and legislators receive these prizes. Societal relationships the world over are regarded as pertinent since these form the basis of growth and interaction amongst people. The aspect of people-to-people contact is important because they form their own communities and yet live within the domains of the society of which they are an essential part of. Being good citizens of a society means so much more, rather than mere residents within the different locales. (Saul, 2002) It is a wholly different ideology – and one that needs proper understanding by the people who activate the citizens in a positive manner. A perfect society is one in which the citizens are actively geared to reach out to each other, help the fabric of the society and in essence carve out a niche for meeting their own problems on a proactive basis. (Lipschutz, 2001) Similarly, justice and its application is an important ingredient within the active domains of citizenship. It is not only about being fair but it also holds a great deal of importance on being fair and timely. (Stoddart, 2007) It is a true saying that justice delayed is justice denied; for this reason justice takes both these things when it is defined in the truest sense of the word. Justice is radically associated with the mighty men – the rulers and the ones who govern a particular area or a regiment of soldiers. The concepts of civil rights and of civil law are both functions of the concept of civil society whereby it is that bubble of private action free of government control. (Spiro, 1999) It is not free of government action, because government action secures the nature of civil society by the protection of persons against criminal wrongs. The essence of civil society is thus that people are left by government to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, while the government protects the

Prevention of Violence in American Society Assignment

Prevention of Violence in American Society - Assignment Example Chante seems to regret her decision. It is because she confessed to the jury that she tampered with the evidence and did not commit murder. It gets also seen that after she had pulled into her garage, she lowered the door and sat down and then began crying and apologizing to Biggs who was moaning. Therefore, even though she made a call to help herself, we see her crying and regretting her decisions and apologizing to Biggs. She also blabbed, â€Å"Lord, I’m sorry, what do I do?† (MSNBC 2). Thus, it is evident that she regretted her decisions. First, once she hit the man, she could call 911 and ask for help from the police or any ambulance in order to save. Biggs could have survived because as she drove into her garage he continued to lose some blood; hence, making it more difficult to save his life. Alternatively, she could have driven to a nearby fire station, hospital or police station instead of driving towards her garage where she could not find any help. Therefore, the only step that Chante could have taken in that situation involves the police or other parties like health officers and not involving her friends who have no idea on handling the case. In this case, she could have saved Biggs’s life and get pardon on the jury for trying to save the Biggs’s life that got lost due to excess bleeding. The today’s technology could have changed the situation. The presence of CCTV in town makes it easier to monitor what went on in a certain event. The police could have easily identified the incident and follow her before she could do anything to tamper the evidence. The CCTV will also show the footage and determine how she reacted all that time after she hit the man and determine her real intentions in the event. Thus, the jury would have heard more evidence and change the verdict in the case, and the jury could have taken less time to determine the truth of the case.

Stabilising factor in the cold war from 1949 to 1963 Essay Example for Free

Stabilising factor in the cold war from 1949 to 1963 Essay To what extent was the nuclear arms race a more stabilising factor in the cold war from 1949 to 1963? From the period of 1949 up until 1963 saw increasing developments in nuclear technology by both the two superpowers, the USA and USSR. The race meant that both superpowers aimed to match each other and even gain the upper hand in terms of nuclear missile technology. Nuclear arms were seen as a form of scare tactic against the other superpower as both felt threatened by each others ideological capability. It was also used as a form of defence mechanism in case of future attack however, the power and destruction of the weapons in which these countries created would have proved fatal not only for the opposing country but for the world. The nuclear arms race has been argued that it stabilised relations between the countries especially after the Cuban missile crisis although there is much evidence that proves otherwise, in which relations between the soviets and the United States were as tense as ever. On the 6th of August 1949, the USSR tested the first atomic bomb in the north of what would be now Russia. This was to start a fury of nuclear testing between the nations. However the first testing was actually in 1945 when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing thousands of civilians. This immediately threatened not only Japan, the enemy of the United States during WW2 but also close neighbour, the USSR. Stalin saw the highly powerful bombs as force of power over the world. The United States showed the might and strength of their military weaponry but it made relations between the two superpowers very unsettling. It could be seen in this period, as a settling factor with the policy of Brinksmanship. The policy was formed by Eisenhower, the President from 1953 to 1961 and John Foster Dulles, the Secretary of State. It was a policy of intensely threatening the opposing side with action without delivering the action. In this case the United States were threatening the USSR with Nuclear action. It was a very dangerous policy as the name suggests it would go right to the brink of Nuclear War. This was very much true in the Cuban Missile crisis when the Soviets had nuclear weapons based in Cuba ready to target America, while the Americans had missiles based in Turkey, also ready to attack. Both superpowers were not only within each others sphere of influence, but they were also armed too. If the opposition was not backing down it would lead to two options, to either reveal the false threats or go to war. This policy however was used by both parties which in essence mad the whole of the period of time a very tense time. The false threats could be seen as a stabilising factor as both parties were not going to use the weapons, only as a scare tactic which would lead to an increase in communication between the countries. On the other side, threatening to destroy the opposing superpower could be seen as unsettling the relations even more than it already was. M.A.D. (Mutually Assured Destruction) could also be a Stabilising factor in this period as it caused both sides to rethink their strategies. Both sides had enough nuclear weaponry to annihilate the other and to even counter-strike when hit first. Both sides knew that using this strategy would prove too costly so for their own need they needed another approach. A more flexible approach in which the sides would use smaller, targeted missiles achieving to hit a specific area would be more worthwhile as it would limit the amount of action and devastation that the arms could bring. This agreement to use another approach to Brinksmanship in which it brought threatening words to the negotiations would be another step towards a more steady relationship between the soviets and the U.S. The Leaders of both sides also played a huge significance in terms of the nuclear arms race. The soviet leader Khrushchev who served from 1953 to 1964 was a very unpredictable character. This had made relations with the United States very unsettling especially when he possessed nuclear arms. America was desperate to initiate some kind of direct contact. This direct contact was made when the hot line telephone link was created. This could be seen as a sign of a more settled relationship during the nuclear arms race. It was a form of direct contact between the President, which at the time was Nixon and the Soviet Leader Brezhnev. Created in 1963, its aim was prevent a misunderstanding between the nations with the topic of nuclear arms. It was successful as it gave a quick response to any threats the Soviets made especially when the Soviets pulled out of Cuba, the United States were unsure of what the soviet would do next. The Nuclear Test Ban treaty of 1963 was another sign that the nuclear arms race was a stabilising factor as it banned testing of nuclear weapons above water. This was a huge significance as the previous decade consisted of both superpowers testing and improving nuclear weaponry. The main reason for this was the fact that they got too close in the Cuban missile crisis. They were literally hours from nuclear war. However there other factor that played into the formation of the treaty. The Soviet Union were in economic turmoil especially when they were paying almost a third of their GMP on arms. America was also in turmoil especially with the Vietnam War heating up and domestic issue of civil rights. In conclusion, after looking at the period of 1949-1963, the nuclear arms race was a stabilising factor in the cold war although things could have been the complete opposite. The risk of using Brinksmanship could have ended in war and eventual devastation of the world. Both countries, for their own sake needed to come to some agreement to limit the arms. By using the hot line telephone link both superpowers could prevent each other with great speed which helped misunderstanding especially when Khrushchev had a very unpredictable mind. The test ban treaty of 63 also helped limit the use of unsettling use of the weapons but it dragged other powerful nations such as China and France into the mix when they disagreed against the treaty.

Effect of Technology on Employee Satisfaction

Effect of Technology on Employee Satisfaction Technology and employee attitude, Motivation, Job satisfaction and Health ABSTRACT While creating this report we tried to present technology from different point of view. We can see that the technology has both a positive and negative side in society. Positive in a sense that peoples life cycle is changing. They are motivated to do work. Even the companies can expand their business and can be connected by network with the other branches. Technology development is also seen beneficial for health. New equipments are invented that is causing various maladies to be cured. Technology has a huge impact on performance of people. They are enthusiastic to do any kind of job which is related to the technology. So the help of technology in our life is countless yet since it leads to deskilling. An effect on worker who once needed a skill but no longer needed as it has been taken up by new technology. Technology has made people idle as well as made the work easier and time consuming for the people. In this whole report we basically focused on how technology has impact on indiv idual segment like employee attitude, motivation, job satisfaction and health. A study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. The report contains the effect of technology in different sector and how the researchers differentiated those. Here we have added fifteen abstract on the different segments of technology and also discussed those in our own language that what actually we would be able to understand from those abstracts. We also recommended what should be done to enhance technological use more. INTRODUCTION 1. Are the employees satisfied with the new technology? 2. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more? 3. How new technology increase employee motivation? 4. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? 5. How close new technology change employee attitude toward organization? 6. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology)? These are the question which helps us to doing this report. Our main purpose is to know how the new technology satisfied the employee. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more. How new technology increase employee motivation. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? This question basically gives new answers and ideas as well. Answers of these questions will increase organizations productivity as well as will reduce the rate of turnover. When we will enter in our job sector or in the corporate world being as a HR manager it will be easy for us to take the big decisions whether my employees are motivated by the new technology or not, whether they are satisfied with the technological change or not. How employees react with the new technology? This research is not the final as practical experience and the theoretical assessment is totally two different scenarios. METHOD To begin the report, we needed to at fast found some specific question on technology. From there we found some key word. For example technologys relation with motivation, satisfaction, attitude performance, and health .from this topic we found some more to the point questions. Then by browsing through several website like INFORMA WORLD, GOOGLR we found some related abstract of this question. We acknowledged the knowledge of researchers. This is how we made this report. RESULT 1. Science and technology for wealth and health in developing countries Author: T. Acharya a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Global Public Health, Volume 2, Issue 1 January 2007 , pages 53 63 Subjects: AIDS HIV; Behavioral Medicine; Development Soc Sci; Globalisation; Health Geography; Health Policy; Medical Sociology; Public Health Medical Sociology; Risk; Third World Studies; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract It is now widely accepted that the developing world needs to invest in science and technology or risk falling behind as the technology gap between the North and South widens. However, these investments must be balanced by continued investment in basic population-wide services, such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. Achieving this balance is a matter of ongoing debate in policy circles, and leaders and policy-makers in developing countries often have to make difficult decisions that pit investment in new technologies and capacity-building in science and technology against basic population-wide services such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. The tension is underscored by evidence which suggests that rapidly industrializing economies, like in China, India and Brazil, are actually experiencing a rise in economic and health disparities among their populations. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to developme nt, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health. For instance, the use of simple, hand-held molecular diagnostic tools can help unskilled health workers rapidly and accurately diagnose diseases, thus helping to reduce healthcare costs due to delayed or incorrect diagnoses. Recombinant vaccines can mitigate the risk of infection associated with live or attenuated vaccines, while needle-less delivery methods can help contain the spread of blood-borne infections. Critical to making technology investments work for population health are government policies and strategies that align public health goals and technology priorities. Such policies can include cross-sectoral training programs to improve dialogue between the technology and health sectors, setting up technology transfer cells to increase commercialization of health research relevant to local needs, and le veraging the phenomenon of low-margin high-volume marketing for health products. 2. A theoretical model of health information technology usage behavior with implications for patient safety Authors: Richard J. Holden ab; Ben-Tzion Karsh a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Behaviour Information Technology, Volume 28, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 21 38 First Published: January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Primary objective: Much research and practice related to the design and implementation of information technology in health care has been atheoretical. It is argued that using extant theory to develop testable models of health information technology (HIT) benefits both research and practice. Methods and procedures: several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behaviour are produced. Main outcomes and results: the case of medical error reporting technology is used to support the validity of the proposed HIT usage behaviour principles. Further, combining these principles produces a testable, theoretical multilevel model of HIT usage behaviour. The model provides an alternative to atheoretical research and practice related to HIT. Conclusions: developing, testing, and revising models of HIT like the one presented here is suggested to be beneficial to researchers and practitioners alike. 3. The Effect of New Technologies on Job Satisfaction and Psychosomatic Complaints Authors: James P. Guthrie a; Patrick C. Flood b; Wenchuan Liu c; Sarah MacCurtain Publication Frequency: 12 issues per year Published in: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 20, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 112 125 Subject: Personnel and Human Resource Management; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract This study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. A partly longitudinal research design was used to study 171 employees of seven companies (involved in construction, office work, and simple services). Measurements were taken 2 months before and 12 months after the conversion to new technologies. Job contents and employee participation were measured by objective instruments. New technologies increased psychosomatic complaints and changed job satisfaction, but the degree of change in these two variables depended on job contents, level of employee participation, and gender. Interactions between type of activity, participation, and gender were found and discussed as typical signs of the work situation with new technologies. Furthermore, effects of work with new technologies were interrelated with attitudes and individual differences. While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process. 4. Employee attitudes toward new technology in a unionized manufacturing plant Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract: The most important elements that influence how employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. Labor unions, contrary to popular belief, view technological change positively, and can be a contributing factor to the facilitation of change within the firm. 5. Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees strain and job satisfaction Authors: Christian Korunka; Oliver Vitouch Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Work Stress, Volume 13, Issue 4 October 1999 , pages 341 363 Subjects: Behavioral Medicine; Health Psychology; Occupational/Industrial Health Safety; Office Workplace; Work Organizational Psychology; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees strain responses was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptation dem ands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not 6. The effects of new technology adoption on employee skills in the prosthetics profession Authors: H. Wagner a; A. Dainty b; R. Hague a; C. Tuck a; M. H. Ong a Publication Frequency: 24 issues per year Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2008 , pages 6461 6478 First Published: November 2008 Subjects: Logistics; Manufacturing Engineering; Manufacturing Industries; Manufacturing Technology; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Research Economics; Production Systems; Production Systems Automation; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Rapid manufacturing (RM) is an emerging technology that is set to revolutionize how products are manufactured. Past research has centred on processes, materials and costing, neglecting the vital issue of how the implementation of this new technology will affect the skills of workers. This work aims to evaluate how the skills of professionals working in the field of prosthetics are likely to be affected by the introduction of RM. Currently a highly skilled, manual process, this paper explores the hypothesis that the manufacture of prosthetic sockets would change fundamentally with the introduction of RM technology. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. Conclusions showed that RM would have a significant impact on job roles in the prosthetics industry. Analysis found a positive outlook for the prosthetist, with the new tech nology increasing computer-based skills, and traditional prosthetic skills continuing to be used. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact 7. Risks in new product development and the satisfaction of Employees through technology Author: O. Joseph Akomode Published in: Production Planning Control, Volume 10, Issue 1 January 1999 , pages 35 47 Subjects: Engineering Project Management; Manufacturing Engineering; Operational Research; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Systems; Quality Control Reliability; Abstract quately determined, poorly structured, under evaluated and vaguely expressed, problems may be increased in the subsequent risk management programme. This paper discusses the evaluation of risk elements associated with the development ofnew products/servicesand proposes a risk assessment method/ model for: (a) selecting potential products/services as a When risk factors associated with the development of a new product/service and customers satisfaction are inade tive mechanism; and (b) monitoring and measuring customers satisfaction. The main aims are to assist managers and other professionals with an analytical framework based on the potential of Information Technology (IT) for: (i) effective evaluation of business risks relating to the prediction and development of new products/services; and (ii) monitoring, measurement, feedback and control of customers satisfaction. The proposed method and models include the application of: (a) multicriteria decision making involving the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); (b) statistical computation involving Cronbachs reliability coefficient; and (c) survey validity. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of customers satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Keywords: Risk; Evaluation; New; Product; Development; Analytic; Hierarchy; Process; Measuring; Customers; Satisfaction; Reliability/validity 8. The intention behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: A. Bhattacherjee a; C. Sanford b b Department of MIS, College of Commerce, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Published in: Behaviour Information Technology First Published on: 29 January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioural intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive m anner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. 9. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Customer Relationship Management on Customers Attitude toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b b Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008, pages 363 381 Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Paraguayan and Growls quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. Keywords: Customer relationship management (CRM); loyalty; service quality; perceived value; quality-value-loyalty chain model 10. Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Authors: Ronald Graef a; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi a; Susan McManama Gianinno a Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Leisure Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2 1983 , pages 155 168 Subjects: Leisure Studies; Social Geography; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The relationship between office computerization and employee gender and organizational level remains relatively unexplored. Based on earlier findings, this study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used. A survey of 81 office employees confirmed this and found that personal computers had effects statistically different from word processors and mainframe terminals. The implications for researchers as well as practitioners are discussed 11. Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life Authors: Urs E. Gattiker, Barbara A. Gutter ,Dale E. Berger Publication Frequency: 3 issues per year SUBJECT: Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2006 , pages 461 478 First Published: November 2006 Abstract The question of motivation — of what makes people behave the way they do — has always been a primary concern. Since Thorndikes Law of Effect was published in 1911, the reasons for and the prediction of human (and animal) behavior has been extensively researched. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation: 1. how often do people describe their everyday experiences as being free and intrinsically motivating; and 2. what is the relationship between intrinsically rewarding experiences and psychological well-being, or the overall sense of satisfaction with ones life 12. Task technology fit and individual performance Author : Dale L. Goodhue Information and decision sciences University of Minnesota Subject: Task Technology Fit and individual performance Minneapolis. MN 55455 U.S.A Abstract A key concern in information system research has been to better understand the linkage between information system and individual performance. The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. (1) To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and (2) To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance 13. Technologist-entrepreneurs versus non-entrepreneurial technologists: analysis of motivational triggering factors Authors: Erkko Autio a; Ilkka Kauranen a Published in: Entrepreneurship Regional Development, Volume 6, Issue 4 October 1994 , pages 315 328 Subjects: Economic Geography; Entrepreneurship; Regional Geography Human Geography; Abstract Here the motivational characteristics of technologist-entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurial technologists are compared. A factor analysis divides entrepreneurial motivations into four groups: exploitation of environmental opportunities, internal personal motivations, technology push motivations, and market pull motivations. The analysis suggests that, of these, internal personal motivations may be decisive for the decision to establish a new firm. While non-entrepreneurial technologists stress the importance of environmental, opportunities, technologist-entrepreneurs stress the importance of internal personal motivations. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. It is recommended that, in addition to designing support programmes aimed at encouragi ng researchers to establish new firms, increased effort should be directed at attracting potential entrepreneurs to research institutions. This aim can be achieved, for example, by working conditions in the research institutions emulating those of the science park. 14. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Employee Relationship Management on Employees Attitude Toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008 , pages 363 381 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. 15. The Intention-behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioral intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive ma nner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. DISCUTION 1. Developing world needs to improve technology to compete with the developed countries and getting the facility of work as well. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to development, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health This study explained the topic dividing it into 4 parts, (1) Primary objective, (2) . Methods and procedures, (3) Main outcomes and results, (4) Conclusions. Using these three points much research and implication has been completed. several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behavior are produced 3. Here the main findings is effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Basically it drew the Attention which was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences 4. How employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment that is the prime focus in this abstract. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. This study is basically context dependent approach where there is a survey on ten companies mentioned here and also mentioned the longitudinal design of Vienna. The implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables; a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact, deskilled by the loss of many of the craft skills. However, the new role may appeal to the younger generation, and lowered skill requirements may help increase prosthetics services worldwide. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of employee satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. This study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used 11. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. To test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context is the main objective of this study. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates t Effect of Technology on Employee Satisfaction Effect of Technology on Employee Satisfaction Technology and employee attitude, Motivation, Job satisfaction and Health ABSTRACT While creating this report we tried to present technology from different point of view. We can see that the technology has both a positive and negative side in society. Positive in a sense that peoples life cycle is changing. They are motivated to do work. Even the companies can expand their business and can be connected by network with the other branches. Technology development is also seen beneficial for health. New equipments are invented that is causing various maladies to be cured. Technology has a huge impact on performance of people. They are enthusiastic to do any kind of job which is related to the technology. So the help of technology in our life is countless yet since it leads to deskilling. An effect on worker who once needed a skill but no longer needed as it has been taken up by new technology. Technology has made people idle as well as made the work easier and time consuming for the people. In this whole report we basically focused on how technology has impact on indiv idual segment like employee attitude, motivation, job satisfaction and health. A study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. The report contains the effect of technology in different sector and how the researchers differentiated those. Here we have added fifteen abstract on the different segments of technology and also discussed those in our own language that what actually we would be able to understand from those abstracts. We also recommended what should be done to enhance technological use more. INTRODUCTION 1. Are the employees satisfied with the new technology? 2. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more? 3. How new technology increase employee motivation? 4. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? 5. How close new technology change employee attitude toward organization? 6. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology)? These are the question which helps us to doing this report. Our main purpose is to know how the new technology satisfied the employee. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more. How new technology increase employee motivation. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? This question basically gives new answers and ideas as well. Answers of these questions will increase organizations productivity as well as will reduce the rate of turnover. When we will enter in our job sector or in the corporate world being as a HR manager it will be easy for us to take the big decisions whether my employees are motivated by the new technology or not, whether they are satisfied with the technological change or not. How employees react with the new technology? This research is not the final as practical experience and the theoretical assessment is totally two different scenarios. METHOD To begin the report, we needed to at fast found some specific question on technology. From there we found some key word. For example technologys relation with motivation, satisfaction, attitude performance, and health .from this topic we found some more to the point questions. Then by browsing through several website like INFORMA WORLD, GOOGLR we found some related abstract of this question. We acknowledged the knowledge of researchers. This is how we made this report. RESULT 1. Science and technology for wealth and health in developing countries Author: T. Acharya a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Global Public Health, Volume 2, Issue 1 January 2007 , pages 53 63 Subjects: AIDS HIV; Behavioral Medicine; Development Soc Sci; Globalisation; Health Geography; Health Policy; Medical Sociology; Public Health Medical Sociology; Risk; Third World Studies; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract It is now widely accepted that the developing world needs to invest in science and technology or risk falling behind as the technology gap between the North and South widens. However, these investments must be balanced by continued investment in basic population-wide services, such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. Achieving this balance is a matter of ongoing debate in policy circles, and leaders and policy-makers in developing countries often have to make difficult decisions that pit investment in new technologies and capacity-building in science and technology against basic population-wide services such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. The tension is underscored by evidence which suggests that rapidly industrializing economies, like in China, India and Brazil, are actually experiencing a rise in economic and health disparities among their populations. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to developme nt, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health. For instance, the use of simple, hand-held molecular diagnostic tools can help unskilled health workers rapidly and accurately diagnose diseases, thus helping to reduce healthcare costs due to delayed or incorrect diagnoses. Recombinant vaccines can mitigate the risk of infection associated with live or attenuated vaccines, while needle-less delivery methods can help contain the spread of blood-borne infections. Critical to making technology investments work for population health are government policies and strategies that align public health goals and technology priorities. Such policies can include cross-sectoral training programs to improve dialogue between the technology and health sectors, setting up technology transfer cells to increase commercialization of health research relevant to local needs, and le veraging the phenomenon of low-margin high-volume marketing for health products. 2. A theoretical model of health information technology usage behavior with implications for patient safety Authors: Richard J. Holden ab; Ben-Tzion Karsh a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Behaviour Information Technology, Volume 28, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 21 38 First Published: January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Primary objective: Much research and practice related to the design and implementation of information technology in health care has been atheoretical. It is argued that using extant theory to develop testable models of health information technology (HIT) benefits both research and practice. Methods and procedures: several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behaviour are produced. Main outcomes and results: the case of medical error reporting technology is used to support the validity of the proposed HIT usage behaviour principles. Further, combining these principles produces a testable, theoretical multilevel model of HIT usage behaviour. The model provides an alternative to atheoretical research and practice related to HIT. Conclusions: developing, testing, and revising models of HIT like the one presented here is suggested to be beneficial to researchers and practitioners alike. 3. The Effect of New Technologies on Job Satisfaction and Psychosomatic Complaints Authors: James P. Guthrie a; Patrick C. Flood b; Wenchuan Liu c; Sarah MacCurtain Publication Frequency: 12 issues per year Published in: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 20, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 112 125 Subject: Personnel and Human Resource Management; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract This study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. A partly longitudinal research design was used to study 171 employees of seven companies (involved in construction, office work, and simple services). Measurements were taken 2 months before and 12 months after the conversion to new technologies. Job contents and employee participation were measured by objective instruments. New technologies increased psychosomatic complaints and changed job satisfaction, but the degree of change in these two variables depended on job contents, level of employee participation, and gender. Interactions between type of activity, participation, and gender were found and discussed as typical signs of the work situation with new technologies. Furthermore, effects of work with new technologies were interrelated with attitudes and individual differences. While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process. 4. Employee attitudes toward new technology in a unionized manufacturing plant Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract: The most important elements that influence how employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. Labor unions, contrary to popular belief, view technological change positively, and can be a contributing factor to the facilitation of change within the firm. 5. Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees strain and job satisfaction Authors: Christian Korunka; Oliver Vitouch Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Work Stress, Volume 13, Issue 4 October 1999 , pages 341 363 Subjects: Behavioral Medicine; Health Psychology; Occupational/Industrial Health Safety; Office Workplace; Work Organizational Psychology; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees strain responses was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptation dem ands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not 6. The effects of new technology adoption on employee skills in the prosthetics profession Authors: H. Wagner a; A. Dainty b; R. Hague a; C. Tuck a; M. H. Ong a Publication Frequency: 24 issues per year Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2008 , pages 6461 6478 First Published: November 2008 Subjects: Logistics; Manufacturing Engineering; Manufacturing Industries; Manufacturing Technology; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Research Economics; Production Systems; Production Systems Automation; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Rapid manufacturing (RM) is an emerging technology that is set to revolutionize how products are manufactured. Past research has centred on processes, materials and costing, neglecting the vital issue of how the implementation of this new technology will affect the skills of workers. This work aims to evaluate how the skills of professionals working in the field of prosthetics are likely to be affected by the introduction of RM. Currently a highly skilled, manual process, this paper explores the hypothesis that the manufacture of prosthetic sockets would change fundamentally with the introduction of RM technology. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. Conclusions showed that RM would have a significant impact on job roles in the prosthetics industry. Analysis found a positive outlook for the prosthetist, with the new tech nology increasing computer-based skills, and traditional prosthetic skills continuing to be used. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact 7. Risks in new product development and the satisfaction of Employees through technology Author: O. Joseph Akomode Published in: Production Planning Control, Volume 10, Issue 1 January 1999 , pages 35 47 Subjects: Engineering Project Management; Manufacturing Engineering; Operational Research; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Systems; Quality Control Reliability; Abstract quately determined, poorly structured, under evaluated and vaguely expressed, problems may be increased in the subsequent risk management programme. This paper discusses the evaluation of risk elements associated with the development ofnew products/servicesand proposes a risk assessment method/ model for: (a) selecting potential products/services as a When risk factors associated with the development of a new product/service and customers satisfaction are inade tive mechanism; and (b) monitoring and measuring customers satisfaction. The main aims are to assist managers and other professionals with an analytical framework based on the potential of Information Technology (IT) for: (i) effective evaluation of business risks relating to the prediction and development of new products/services; and (ii) monitoring, measurement, feedback and control of customers satisfaction. The proposed method and models include the application of: (a) multicriteria decision making involving the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); (b) statistical computation involving Cronbachs reliability coefficient; and (c) survey validity. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of customers satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Keywords: Risk; Evaluation; New; Product; Development; Analytic; Hierarchy; Process; Measuring; Customers; Satisfaction; Reliability/validity 8. The intention behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: A. Bhattacherjee a; C. Sanford b b Department of MIS, College of Commerce, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Published in: Behaviour Information Technology First Published on: 29 January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioural intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive m anner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. 9. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Customer Relationship Management on Customers Attitude toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b b Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008, pages 363 381 Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Paraguayan and Growls quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. Keywords: Customer relationship management (CRM); loyalty; service quality; perceived value; quality-value-loyalty chain model 10. Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Authors: Ronald Graef a; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi a; Susan McManama Gianinno a Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Leisure Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2 1983 , pages 155 168 Subjects: Leisure Studies; Social Geography; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The relationship between office computerization and employee gender and organizational level remains relatively unexplored. Based on earlier findings, this study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used. A survey of 81 office employees confirmed this and found that personal computers had effects statistically different from word processors and mainframe terminals. The implications for researchers as well as practitioners are discussed 11. Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life Authors: Urs E. Gattiker, Barbara A. Gutter ,Dale E. Berger Publication Frequency: 3 issues per year SUBJECT: Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2006 , pages 461 478 First Published: November 2006 Abstract The question of motivation — of what makes people behave the way they do — has always been a primary concern. Since Thorndikes Law of Effect was published in 1911, the reasons for and the prediction of human (and animal) behavior has been extensively researched. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation: 1. how often do people describe their everyday experiences as being free and intrinsically motivating; and 2. what is the relationship between intrinsically rewarding experiences and psychological well-being, or the overall sense of satisfaction with ones life 12. Task technology fit and individual performance Author : Dale L. Goodhue Information and decision sciences University of Minnesota Subject: Task Technology Fit and individual performance Minneapolis. MN 55455 U.S.A Abstract A key concern in information system research has been to better understand the linkage between information system and individual performance. The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. (1) To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and (2) To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance 13. Technologist-entrepreneurs versus non-entrepreneurial technologists: analysis of motivational triggering factors Authors: Erkko Autio a; Ilkka Kauranen a Published in: Entrepreneurship Regional Development, Volume 6, Issue 4 October 1994 , pages 315 328 Subjects: Economic Geography; Entrepreneurship; Regional Geography Human Geography; Abstract Here the motivational characteristics of technologist-entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurial technologists are compared. A factor analysis divides entrepreneurial motivations into four groups: exploitation of environmental opportunities, internal personal motivations, technology push motivations, and market pull motivations. The analysis suggests that, of these, internal personal motivations may be decisive for the decision to establish a new firm. While non-entrepreneurial technologists stress the importance of environmental, opportunities, technologist-entrepreneurs stress the importance of internal personal motivations. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. It is recommended that, in addition to designing support programmes aimed at encouragi ng researchers to establish new firms, increased effort should be directed at attracting potential entrepreneurs to research institutions. This aim can be achieved, for example, by working conditions in the research institutions emulating those of the science park. 14. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Employee Relationship Management on Employees Attitude Toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008 , pages 363 381 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. 15. The Intention-behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioral intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive ma nner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. DISCUTION 1. Developing world needs to improve technology to compete with the developed countries and getting the facility of work as well. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to development, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health This study explained the topic dividing it into 4 parts, (1) Primary objective, (2) . Methods and procedures, (3) Main outcomes and results, (4) Conclusions. Using these three points much research and implication has been completed. several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behavior are produced 3. Here the main findings is effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Basically it drew the Attention which was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences 4. How employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment that is the prime focus in this abstract. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. This study is basically context dependent approach where there is a survey on ten companies mentioned here and also mentioned the longitudinal design of Vienna. The implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables; a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact, deskilled by the loss of many of the craft skills. However, the new role may appeal to the younger generation, and lowered skill requirements may help increase prosthetics services worldwide. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of employee satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. This study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used 11. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. To test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context is the main objective of this study. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates t